class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide .title[ # Getting Started with Data Visualisation ] .author[ ### Nicholas Sim ] .date[ ### 26 March 2024 ] --- class: center, middle, inverse # Introduction --- ### Topics * Basic syntax of `ggplot` * Global and local declarations * A first look at using `ggplot` --- ### Grammar of Graphics Ref: Chapter 2 KH We will use the `ggplot2` package to produce our data visualisations. `gg` stands for the **G**rammar of **G**raphics. The three mandatory Grammar of Graphics layers to produce a visualisation are: - **Data**, i.e. the data frame - **Aesthetic**, i.e. a mapping of a variable from the data frame as a graph element - **Geometry**, i.e. the type of visualisation --- ### Basic Syntax The basic `ggplot2` syntax requires two functions - the `ggplot()` function and a *geometry* function together. For example, to construct a scatter plot, the most basic syntax is `ggplot() + geom_point()` Depending on the desired plot to be produced, we will use various geometry functions. The ones we will explore are - `geom_point` (scatter plot) - `geom_bar` (bar chart) - `geom_col` (column chart) - `geom_line` (line plot) - `geom_path` (path line plot) - `geom_polygon` (spatial polygons, i.e. maps) --- ## Aesthetics In the Grammar of Graphics, an aesthetic is a **mapping** of a variable to an element in a graph. The graph is called a **geometry** (or *geom* for convenience). For example, a scatter plot has two necessary graph elements, an x-variable and y-variable. To construct a scatter plot, we must map two variables from the data frame into the variables `x` and `y` on the geometry. To do so, we pass the variables from the data frame into the aesthetic function, `aes()`. --- ## Aesthetics For example, to plot life expectancy on the y-axis against GDP per capita on the x-axis, we pass them into the `aes()` function as follows: ```r aes(x = GDP.PerCap, y = LifeExp) ``` This aesthetic function, in turn, is passed in as an input into the `ggplot()` function (if declared globally) or a geometry function (if declared locally). --- ### Global vs. Local Recall that basic syntax structure to construct a scatter plot is `ggplot() + geom_point()`. If `aes(x = gdp.Percap, y = lifeExp)` is passed into `ggplot()`, the aesthetic is declared **globally** and will be applied throughout unless we override it. If `aes(x = gdp.Percap, y = lifeExp)` is passed into `geom_point()`, it is declared **locally** and will only be applied by `geom_point()`, and not outside of it. --- ### The Data Frame The data frame can be declared globally or locally using the same principles. Suppose `aes(x = gdp.Percap, y = lifeExp)` is declared globally, i.e. `ggplot(aes(x = gdp.Percap, y = lifeExp)) + geom_point()` To declare our data frame `df` globally, we pass it into the `ggplot()` function: `ggplot(data = df, aes(x = gdp.Percap, y = lifeExp)) + geom_point()` To declare our data frame locally, we pass it into the `geom_point()` function: `ggplot( aes(x = gdp.Percap, y = lifeExp)) + geom_point(data = df)` --- ### Why Global vs. Local? We declare a data frame or an aesthetic globally if we want to the rest of the code chunk to inherit the data frame or aesthetic. If we prefer to use a different data frame or aesthetic for different parts of the plot (say, we overlay two scatter plots on the same graph), we may declare them locally. --- ### Argument Names Considering declaring the names of the arguments for better readability. For instance, in `ggplot(data = df, mapping = aes(x = gdp.Percap, y = lifeExp)) + geom_point()` it can be seen that `df` is a data frame, `aes(x = gdp.Percap, y = lifeExp)` is a mapping. --- ### Further Remarks Other aesthetics can be employed to increase the richness of our data visualisations. For instance, in the context of a scatter plot, the following aesthetics may be added to the plot 1. `color`, the outline of the scatter points, 2. `fill`, the fill of the scatter points with hollow centers 3. `shape`, the shape of the scatter points 4. `size`, the size of the scatter points --- class: center, middle, inverse # A First Look at `ggplot` --- ### Tasks Install and load the `gapminder` library: ```r #install.packages("gapminder") library(gapminder) ``` 1. Take a quick look at the data frame using the `head()` and `str()` function. What do you observe? 2. To present a scatter plot of life expectancy against GDP per capita, which variables from `gapminder` should be mapped to `\(x\)` and `\(y\)`? 3. The *geom* function for scatter plot is `geom_point()`. To declare the `gapminder` data frame globally, which function should we pass it into? `ggplot()` or `geom_point()`? --- ### Before We Plot Install and load the `tidyverse`, `socviz` and `gapminder` packages. We will use the `gapminder` dataset and plot life expectancy against GDP per capita using `ggplot2`. ```r #install.packages("tidyverse") #install.packages("socviz") library(tidyverse) library(gapminder) library(socviz) ``` --- ### A Look at the Data Let's first explore what `gapminder` looks like: <div class="datatables html-widget html-fill-item-overflow-hidden html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-95a1d82c748b881a96b7" style="width:100%;height:auto;"></div> <script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-95a1d82c748b881a96b7">{"x":{"filter":"none","vertical":false,"data":[["1","2","3","4","5","6","7","8","9","10","11","12","13","14","15","16","17","18","19","20","21","22","23","24","25","26","27","28","29","30","31","32","33","34","35","36","37","38","39","40","41","42","43","44","45","46","47","48","49","50","51","52","53","54","55","56","57","58","59","60","61","62","63","64","65","66","67","68","69","70","71","72","73","74","75","76","77","78","79","80","81","82","83","84","85","86","87","88","89","90","91","92","93","94","95","96","97","98","99","100","101","102","103","104","105","106","107","108","109","110","111","112","113","114","115","116","117","118","119","120","121","122","123","124","125","126","127","128","129","130","131","132","133","134","135","136","137","138","139","140","141","142","143","144","145","146","147","148","149","150","151","152","153","154","155","156","157","158","159","160","161","162","163","164","165","166","167","168","169","170","171","172","173","174","175","176","177","178","179","180","181","182","183","184","185","186","187","188","189","190","191","192","193","194","195","196","197","198","199","200","201","202","203","204","205","206","207","208","209","210","211","212","213","214","215","216","217","218","219","220","221","222","223","224","225","226","227","228","229","230","231","232","233","234","235","236","237","238","239","240","241","242","243","244","245","246","247","248","249","250","251","252","253","254","255","256","257","258","259","260","261","262","263","264","265","266","267","268","269","270","271","272","273","274","275","276","277","278","279","280","281","282","283","284","285","286","287","288","289","290","291","292","293","294","295","296","297","298","299","300","301","302","303","304","305","306","307","308","309","310","311","312","313","314","315","316","317","318","319","320","321","322","323","324","325","326","327","328","329","330","331","332","333","334","335","336","337","338","339","340","341","342","343","344","345","346","347","348","349","350","351","352","353","354","355","356","357","358","359","360","361","362","363","364","365","366","367","368","369","370","371","372","373","374","375","376","377","378","379","380","381","382","383","384","385","386","387","388","389","390","391","392","393","394","395","396","397","398","399","400","401","402","403","404","405","406","407","408","409","410","411","412","413","414","415","416","417","418","419","420","421","422","423","424","425","426","427","428","429","430","431","432","433","434","435","436","437","438","439","440","441","442","443","444","445","446","447","448","449","450","451","452","453","454","455","456","457","458","459","460","461","462","463","464","465","466","467","468","469","470","471","472","473","474","475","476","477","478","479","480","481","482","483","484","485","486","487","488","489","490","491","492","493","494","495","496","497","498","499","500","501","502","503","504","505","506","507","508","509","510","511","512","513","514","515","516","517","518","519","520","521","522","523","524","525","526","527","528","529","530","531","532","533","534","535","536","537","538","539","540","541","542","543","544","545","546","547","548","549","550","551","552","553","554","555","556","557","558","559","560","561","562","563","564","565","566","567","568","569","570","571","572","573","574","575","576","577","578","579","580","581","582","583","584","585","586","587","588","589","590","591","592","593","594","595","596","597","598","599","600","601","602","603","604","605","606","607","608","609","610","611","612","613","614","615","616","617","618","619","620","621","622","623","624","625","626","627","628","629","630","631","632","633","634","635","636","637","638","639","640","641","642","643","644","645","646","647","648","649","650","651","652","653","654","655","656","657","658","659","660","661","662","663","664","665","666","667","668","669","670","671","672","673","674","675","676","677","678","679","680","681","682","683","684","685","686","687","688","689","690","691","692","693","694","695","696","697","698","699","700","701","702","703","704","705","706","707","708","709","710","711","712","713","714","715","716","717","718","719","720","721","722","723","724","725","726","727","728","729","730","731","732","733","734","735","736","737","738","739","740","741","742","743","744","745","746","747","748","749","750","751","752","753","754","755","756","757","758","759","760","761","762","763","764","765","766","767","768","769","770","771","772","773","774","775","776","777","778","779","780","781","782","783","784","785","786","787","788","789","790","791","792","793","794","795","796","797","798","799","800","801","802","803","804","805","806","807","808","809","810","811","812","813","814","815","816","817","818","819","820","821","822","823","824","825","826","827","828","829","830","831","832","833","834","835","836","837","838","839","840","841","842","843","844","845","846","847","848","849","850","851","852","853","854","855","856","857","858","859","860","861","862","863","864","865","866","867","868","869","870","871","872","873","874","875","876","877","878","879","880","881","882","883","884","885","886","887","888","889","890","891","892","893","894","895","896","897","898","899","900","901","902","903","904","905","906","907","908","909","910","911","912","913","914","915","916","917","918","919","920","921","922","923","924","925","926","927","928","929","930","931","932","933","934","935","936","937","938","939","940","941","942","943","944","945","946","947","948","949","950","951","952","953","954","955","956","957","958","959","960","961","962","963","964","965","966","967","968","969","970","971","972","973","974","975","976","977","978","979","980","981","982","983","984","985","986","987","988","989","990","991","992","993","994","995","996","997","998","999","1000","1001","1002","1003","1004","1005","1006","1007","1008","1009","1010","1011","1012","1013","1014","1015","1016","1017","1018","1019","1020","1021","1022","1023","1024","1025","1026","1027","1028","1029","1030","1031","1032","1033","1034","1035","1036","1037","1038","1039","1040","1041","1042","1043","1044","1045","1046","1047","1048","1049","1050","1051","1052","1053","1054","1055","1056","1057","1058","1059","1060","1061","1062","1063","1064","1065","1066","1067","1068","1069","1070","1071","1072","1073","1074","1075","1076","1077","1078","1079","1080","1081","1082","1083","1084","1085","1086","1087","1088","1089","1090","1091","1092","1093","1094","1095","1096","1097","1098","1099","1100","1101","1102","1103","1104","1105","1106","1107","1108","1109","1110","1111","1112","1113","1114","1115","1116","1117","1118","1119","1120","1121","1122","1123","1124","1125","1126","1127","1128","1129","1130","1131","1132","1133","1134","1135","1136","1137","1138","1139","1140","1141","1142","1143","1144","1145","1146","1147","1148","1149","1150","1151","1152","1153","1154","1155","1156","1157","1158","1159","1160","1161","1162","1163","1164","1165","1166","1167","1168","1169","1170","1171","1172","1173","1174","1175","1176","1177","1178","1179","1180","1181","1182","1183","1184","1185","1186","1187","1188","1189","1190","1191","1192","1193","1194","1195","1196","1197","1198","1199","1200","1201","1202","1203","1204","1205","1206","1207","1208","1209","1210","1211","1212","1213","1214","1215","1216","1217","1218","1219","1220","1221","1222","1223","1224","1225","1226","1227","1228","1229","1230","1231","1232","1233","1234","1235","1236","1237","1238","1239","1240","1241","1242","1243","1244","1245","1246","1247","1248","1249","1250","1251","1252","1253","1254","1255","1256","1257","1258","1259","1260","1261","1262","1263","1264","1265","1266","1267","1268","1269","1270","1271","1272","1273","1274","1275","1276","1277","1278","1279","1280","1281","1282","1283","1284","1285","1286","1287","1288","1289","1290","1291","1292","1293","1294","1295","1296","1297","1298","1299","1300","1301","1302","1303","1304","1305","1306","1307","1308","1309","1310","1311","1312","1313","1314","1315","1316","1317","1318","1319","1320","1321","1322","1323","1324","1325","1326","1327","1328","1329","1330","1331","1332","1333","1334","1335","1336","1337","1338","1339","1340","1341","1342","1343","1344","1345","1346","1347","1348","1349","1350","1351","1352","1353","1354","1355","1356","1357","1358","1359","1360","1361","1362","1363","1364","1365","1366","1367","1368","1369","1370","1371","1372","1373","1374","1375","1376","1377","1378","1379","1380","1381","1382","1383","1384","1385","1386","1387","1388","1389","1390","1391","1392","1393","1394","1395","1396","1397","1398","1399","1400","1401","1402","1403","1404","1405","1406","1407","1408","1409","1410","1411","1412","1413","1414","1415","1416","1417","1418","1419","1420","1421","1422","1423","1424","1425","1426","1427","1428","1429","1430","1431","1432","1433","1434","1435","1436","1437","1438","1439","1440","1441","1442","1443","1444","1445","1446","1447","1448","1449","1450","1451","1452","1453","1454","1455","1456","1457","1458","1459","1460","1461","1462","1463","1464","1465","1466","1467","1468","1469","1470","1471","1472","1473","1474","1475","1476","1477","1478","1479","1480","1481","1482","1483","1484","1485","1486","1487","1488","1489","1490","1491","1492","1493","1494","1495","1496","1497","1498","1499","1500","1501","1502","1503","1504","1505","1506","1507","1508","1509","1510","1511","1512","1513","1514","1515","1516","1517","1518","1519","1520","1521","1522","1523","1524","1525","1526","1527","1528","1529","1530","1531","1532","1533","1534","1535","1536","1537","1538","1539","1540","1541","1542","1543","1544","1545","1546","1547","1548","1549","1550","1551","1552","1553","1554","1555","1556","1557","1558","1559","1560","1561","1562","1563","1564","1565","1566","1567","1568","1569","1570","1571","1572","1573","1574","1575","1576","1577","1578","1579","1580","1581","1582","1583","1584","1585","1586","1587","1588","1589","1590","1591","1592","1593","1594","1595","1596","1597","1598","1599","1600","1601","1602","1603","1604","1605","1606","1607","1608","1609","1610","1611","1612","1613","1614","1615","1616","1617","1618","1619","1620","1621","1622","1623","1624","1625","1626","1627","1628","1629","1630","1631","1632","1633","1634","1635","1636","1637","1638","1639","1640","1641","1642","1643","1644","1645","1646","1647","1648","1649","1650","1651","1652","1653","1654","1655","1656","1657","1658","1659","1660","1661","1662","1663","1664","1665","1666","1667","1668","1669","1670","1671","1672","1673","1674","1675","1676","1677","1678","1679","1680","1681","1682","1683","1684","1685","1686","1687","1688","1689","1690","1691","1692","1693","1694","1695","1696","1697","1698","1699","1700","1701","1702","1703","1704"],["Afghanistan","Afghanistan","Afghanistan","Afghanistan","Afghanistan","Afghanistan","Afghanistan","Afghanistan","Afghanistan","Afghanistan","Afghanistan","Afghanistan","Albania","Albania","Albania","Albania","Albania","Albania","Albania","Albania","Albania","Albania","Albania","Albania","Algeria","Algeria","Algeria","Algeria","Algeria","Algeria","Algeria","Algeria","Algeria","Algeria","Algeria","Algeria","Angola","Angola","Angola","Angola","Angola","Angola","Angola","Angola","Angola","Angola","Angola","Angola","Argentina","Argentina","Argentina","Argentina","Argentina","Argentina","Argentina","Argentina","Argentina","Argentina","Argentina","Argentina","Australia","Australia","Australia","Australia","Australia","Australia","Australia","Australia","Australia","Australia","Australia","Australia","Austria","Austria","Austria","Austria","Austria","Austria","Austria","Austria","Austria","Austria","Austria","Austria","Bahrain","Bahrain","Bahrain","Bahrain","Bahrain","Bahrain","Bahrain","Bahrain","Bahrain","Bahrain","Bahrain","Bahrain","Bangladesh","Bangladesh","Bangladesh","Bangladesh","Bangladesh","Bangladesh","Bangladesh","Bangladesh","Bangladesh","Bangladesh","Bangladesh","Bangladesh","Belgium","Belgium","Belgium","Belgium","Belgium","Belgium","Belgium","Belgium","Belgium","Belgium","Belgium","Belgium","Benin","Benin","Benin","Benin","Benin","Benin","Benin","Benin","Benin","Benin","Benin","Benin","Bolivia","Bolivia","Bolivia","Bolivia","Bolivia","Bolivia","Bolivia","Bolivia","Bolivia","Bolivia","Bolivia","Bolivia","Bosnia and Herzegovina","Bosnia and Herzegovina","Bosnia and Herzegovina","Bosnia and Herzegovina","Bosnia and Herzegovina","Bosnia and Herzegovina","Bosnia and Herzegovina","Bosnia and Herzegovina","Bosnia and Herzegovina","Bosnia and Herzegovina","Bosnia and Herzegovina","Bosnia and Herzegovina","Botswana","Botswana","Botswana","Botswana","Botswana","Botswana","Botswana","Botswana","Botswana","Botswana","Botswana","Botswana","Brazil","Brazil","Brazil","Brazil","Brazil","Brazil","Brazil","Brazil","Brazil","Brazil","Brazil","Brazil","Bulgaria","Bulgaria","Bulgaria","Bulgaria","Bulgaria","Bulgaria","Bulgaria","Bulgaria","Bulgaria","Bulgaria","Bulgaria","Bulgaria","Burkina Faso","Burkina Faso","Burkina Faso","Burkina Faso","Burkina Faso","Burkina Faso","Burkina Faso","Burkina Faso","Burkina Faso","Burkina Faso","Burkina Faso","Burkina Faso","Burundi","Burundi","Burundi","Burundi","Burundi","Burundi","Burundi","Burundi","Burundi","Burundi","Burundi","Burundi","Cambodia","Cambodia","Cambodia","Cambodia","Cambodia","Cambodia","Cambodia","Cambodia","Cambodia","Cambodia","Cambodia","Cambodia","Cameroon","Cameroon","Cameroon","Cameroon","Cameroon","Cameroon","Cameroon","Cameroon","Cameroon","Cameroon","Cameroon","Cameroon","Canada","Canada","Canada","Canada","Canada","Canada","Canada","Canada","Canada","Canada","Canada","Canada","Central African Republic","Central African Republic","Central African Republic","Central African Republic","Central African Republic","Central African Republic","Central African Republic","Central African Republic","Central African Republic","Central African Republic","Central African Republic","Central African Republic","Chad","Chad","Chad","Chad","Chad","Chad","Chad","Chad","Chad","Chad","Chad","Chad","Chile","Chile","Chile","Chile","Chile","Chile","Chile","Chile","Chile","Chile","Chile","Chile","China","China","China","China","China","China","China","China","China","China","China","China","Colombia","Colombia","Colombia","Colombia","Colombia","Colombia","Colombia","Colombia","Colombia","Colombia","Colombia","Colombia","Comoros","Comoros","Comoros","Comoros","Comoros","Comoros","Comoros","Comoros","Comoros","Comoros","Comoros","Comoros","Congo, Dem. Rep.","Congo, Dem. Rep.","Congo, Dem. Rep.","Congo, Dem. Rep.","Congo, Dem. Rep.","Congo, Dem. Rep.","Congo, Dem. Rep.","Congo, Dem. Rep.","Congo, Dem. Rep.","Congo, Dem. Rep.","Congo, Dem. Rep.","Congo, Dem. Rep.","Congo, Rep.","Congo, Rep.","Congo, Rep.","Congo, Rep.","Congo, Rep.","Congo, Rep.","Congo, Rep.","Congo, Rep.","Congo, Rep.","Congo, Rep.","Congo, Rep.","Congo, Rep.","Costa Rica","Costa Rica","Costa Rica","Costa Rica","Costa Rica","Costa Rica","Costa Rica","Costa Rica","Costa Rica","Costa Rica","Costa Rica","Costa Rica","Cote d'Ivoire","Cote d'Ivoire","Cote d'Ivoire","Cote d'Ivoire","Cote d'Ivoire","Cote d'Ivoire","Cote d'Ivoire","Cote d'Ivoire","Cote d'Ivoire","Cote d'Ivoire","Cote d'Ivoire","Cote d'Ivoire","Croatia","Croatia","Croatia","Croatia","Croatia","Croatia","Croatia","Croatia","Croatia","Croatia","Croatia","Croatia","Cuba","Cuba","Cuba","Cuba","Cuba","Cuba","Cuba","Cuba","Cuba","Cuba","Cuba","Cuba","Czech Republic","Czech Republic","Czech Republic","Czech Republic","Czech Republic","Czech Republic","Czech Republic","Czech Republic","Czech Republic","Czech Republic","Czech Republic","Czech Republic","Denmark","Denmark","Denmark","Denmark","Denmark","Denmark","Denmark","Denmark","Denmark","Denmark","Denmark","Denmark","Djibouti","Djibouti","Djibouti","Djibouti","Djibouti","Djibouti","Djibouti","Djibouti","Djibouti","Djibouti","Djibouti","Djibouti","Dominican Republic","Dominican Republic","Dominican Republic","Dominican Republic","Dominican Republic","Dominican Republic","Dominican Republic","Dominican Republic","Dominican Republic","Dominican Republic","Dominican Republic","Dominican Republic","Ecuador","Ecuador","Ecuador","Ecuador","Ecuador","Ecuador","Ecuador","Ecuador","Ecuador","Ecuador","Ecuador","Ecuador","Egypt","Egypt","Egypt","Egypt","Egypt","Egypt","Egypt","Egypt","Egypt","Egypt","Egypt","Egypt","El Salvador","El Salvador","El Salvador","El Salvador","El Salvador","El Salvador","El Salvador","El Salvador","El Salvador","El Salvador","El Salvador","El Salvador","Equatorial Guinea","Equatorial Guinea","Equatorial Guinea","Equatorial Guinea","Equatorial Guinea","Equatorial Guinea","Equatorial Guinea","Equatorial Guinea","Equatorial Guinea","Equatorial Guinea","Equatorial Guinea","Equatorial Guinea","Eritrea","Eritrea","Eritrea","Eritrea","Eritrea","Eritrea","Eritrea","Eritrea","Eritrea","Eritrea","Eritrea","Eritrea","Ethiopia","Ethiopia","Ethiopia","Ethiopia","Ethiopia","Ethiopia","Ethiopia","Ethiopia","Ethiopia","Ethiopia","Ethiopia","Ethiopia","Finland","Finland","Finland","Finland","Finland","Finland","Finland","Finland","Finland","Finland","Finland","Finland","France","France","France","France","France","France","France","France","France","France","France","France","Gabon","Gabon","Gabon","Gabon","Gabon","Gabon","Gabon","Gabon","Gabon","Gabon","Gabon","Gabon","Gambia","Gambia","Gambia","Gambia","Gambia","Gambia","Gambia","Gambia","Gambia","Gambia","Gambia","Gambia","Germany","Germany","Germany","Germany","Germany","Germany","Germany","Germany","Germany","Germany","Germany","Germany","Ghana","Ghana","Ghana","Ghana","Ghana","Ghana","Ghana","Ghana","Ghana","Ghana","Ghana","Ghana","Greece","Greece","Greece","Greece","Greece","Greece","Greece","Greece","Greece","Greece","Greece","Greece","Guatemala","Guatemala","Guatemala","Guatemala","Guatemala","Guatemala","Guatemala","Guatemala","Guatemala","Guatemala","Guatemala","Guatemala","Guinea","Guinea","Guinea","Guinea","Guinea","Guinea","Guinea","Guinea","Guinea","Guinea","Guinea","Guinea","Guinea-Bissau","Guinea-Bissau","Guinea-Bissau","Guinea-Bissau","Guinea-Bissau","Guinea-Bissau","Guinea-Bissau","Guinea-Bissau","Guinea-Bissau","Guinea-Bissau","Guinea-Bissau","Guinea-Bissau","Haiti","Haiti","Haiti","Haiti","Haiti","Haiti","Haiti","Haiti","Haiti","Haiti","Haiti","Haiti","Honduras","Honduras","Honduras","Honduras","Honduras","Honduras","Honduras","Honduras","Honduras","Honduras","Honduras","Honduras","Hong Kong, China","Hong Kong, China","Hong Kong, China","Hong Kong, China","Hong Kong, China","Hong Kong, China","Hong Kong, China","Hong Kong, China","Hong Kong, China","Hong Kong, China","Hong Kong, China","Hong Kong, China","Hungary","Hungary","Hungary","Hungary","Hungary","Hungary","Hungary","Hungary","Hungary","Hungary","Hungary","Hungary","Iceland","Iceland","Iceland","Iceland","Iceland","Iceland","Iceland","Iceland","Iceland","Iceland","Iceland","Iceland","India","India","India","India","India","India","India","India","India","India","India","India","Indonesia","Indonesia","Indonesia","Indonesia","Indonesia","Indonesia","Indonesia","Indonesia","Indonesia","Indonesia","Indonesia","Indonesia","Iran","Iran","Iran","Iran","Iran","Iran","Iran","Iran","Iran","Iran","Iran","Iran","Iraq","Iraq","Iraq","Iraq","Iraq","Iraq","Iraq","Iraq","Iraq","Iraq","Iraq","Iraq","Ireland","Ireland","Ireland","Ireland","Ireland","Ireland","Ireland","Ireland","Ireland","Ireland","Ireland","Ireland","Israel","Israel","Israel","Israel","Israel","Israel","Israel","Israel","Israel","Israel","Israel","Israel","Italy","Italy","Italy","Italy","Italy","Italy","Italy","Italy","Italy","Italy","Italy","Italy","Jamaica","Jamaica","Jamaica","Jamaica","Jamaica","Jamaica","Jamaica","Jamaica","Jamaica","Jamaica","Jamaica","Jamaica","Japan","Japan","Japan","Japan","Japan","Japan","Japan","Japan","Japan","Japan","Japan","Japan","Jordan","Jordan","Jordan","Jordan","Jordan","Jordan","Jordan","Jordan","Jordan","Jordan","Jordan","Jordan","Kenya","Kenya","Kenya","Kenya","Kenya","Kenya","Kenya","Kenya","Kenya","Kenya","Kenya","Kenya","Korea, Dem. Rep.","Korea, Dem. Rep.","Korea, Dem. Rep.","Korea, Dem. Rep.","Korea, Dem. Rep.","Korea, Dem. Rep.","Korea, Dem. Rep.","Korea, Dem. Rep.","Korea, Dem. Rep.","Korea, Dem. Rep.","Korea, Dem. Rep.","Korea, Dem. Rep.","Korea, Rep.","Korea, Rep.","Korea, Rep.","Korea, Rep.","Korea, Rep.","Korea, Rep.","Korea, Rep.","Korea, Rep.","Korea, Rep.","Korea, Rep.","Korea, Rep.","Korea, Rep.","Kuwait","Kuwait","Kuwait","Kuwait","Kuwait","Kuwait","Kuwait","Kuwait","Kuwait","Kuwait","Kuwait","Kuwait","Lebanon","Lebanon","Lebanon","Lebanon","Lebanon","Lebanon","Lebanon","Lebanon","Lebanon","Lebanon","Lebanon","Lebanon","Lesotho","Lesotho","Lesotho","Lesotho","Lesotho","Lesotho","Lesotho","Lesotho","Lesotho","Lesotho","Lesotho","Lesotho","Liberia","Liberia","Liberia","Liberia","Liberia","Liberia","Liberia","Liberia","Liberia","Liberia","Liberia","Liberia","Libya","Libya","Libya","Libya","Libya","Libya","Libya","Libya","Libya","Libya","Libya","Libya","Madagascar","Madagascar","Madagascar","Madagascar","Madagascar","Madagascar","Madagascar","Madagascar","Madagascar","Madagascar","Madagascar","Madagascar","Malawi","Malawi","Malawi","Malawi","Malawi","Malawi","Malawi","Malawi","Malawi","Malawi","Malawi","Malawi","Malaysia","Malaysia","Malaysia","Malaysia","Malaysia","Malaysia","Malaysia","Malaysia","Malaysia","Malaysia","Malaysia","Malaysia","Mali","Mali","Mali","Mali","Mali","Mali","Mali","Mali","Mali","Mali","Mali","Mali","Mauritania","Mauritania","Mauritania","Mauritania","Mauritania","Mauritania","Mauritania","Mauritania","Mauritania","Mauritania","Mauritania","Mauritania","Mauritius","Mauritius","Mauritius","Mauritius","Mauritius","Mauritius","Mauritius","Mauritius","Mauritius","Mauritius","Mauritius","Mauritius","Mexico","Mexico","Mexico","Mexico","Mexico","Mexico","Mexico","Mexico","Mexico","Mexico","Mexico","Mexico","Mongolia","Mongolia","Mongolia","Mongolia","Mongolia","Mongolia","Mongolia","Mongolia","Mongolia","Mongolia","Mongolia","Mongolia","Montenegro","Montenegro","Montenegro","Montenegro","Montenegro","Montenegro","Montenegro","Montenegro","Montenegro","Montenegro","Montenegro","Montenegro","Morocco","Morocco","Morocco","Morocco","Morocco","Morocco","Morocco","Morocco","Morocco","Morocco","Morocco","Morocco","Mozambique","Mozambique","Mozambique","Mozambique","Mozambique","Mozambique","Mozambique","Mozambique","Mozambique","Mozambique","Mozambique","Mozambique","Myanmar","Myanmar","Myanmar","Myanmar","Myanmar","Myanmar","Myanmar","Myanmar","Myanmar","Myanmar","Myanmar","Myanmar","Namibia","Namibia","Namibia","Namibia","Namibia","Namibia","Namibia","Namibia","Namibia","Namibia","Namibia","Namibia","Nepal","Nepal","Nepal","Nepal","Nepal","Nepal","Nepal","Nepal","Nepal","Nepal","Nepal","Nepal","Netherlands","Netherlands","Netherlands","Netherlands","Netherlands","Netherlands","Netherlands","Netherlands","Netherlands","Netherlands","Netherlands","Netherlands","New Zealand","New Zealand","New Zealand","New Zealand","New Zealand","New Zealand","New Zealand","New Zealand","New Zealand","New Zealand","New Zealand","New Zealand","Nicaragua","Nicaragua","Nicaragua","Nicaragua","Nicaragua","Nicaragua","Nicaragua","Nicaragua","Nicaragua","Nicaragua","Nicaragua","Nicaragua","Niger","Niger","Niger","Niger","Niger","Niger","Niger","Niger","Niger","Niger","Niger","Niger","Nigeria","Nigeria","Nigeria","Nigeria","Nigeria","Nigeria","Nigeria","Nigeria","Nigeria","Nigeria","Nigeria","Nigeria","Norway","Norway","Norway","Norway","Norway","Norway","Norway","Norway","Norway","Norway","Norway","Norway","Oman","Oman","Oman","Oman","Oman","Oman","Oman","Oman","Oman","Oman","Oman","Oman","Pakistan","Pakistan","Pakistan","Pakistan","Pakistan","Pakistan","Pakistan","Pakistan","Pakistan","Pakistan","Pakistan","Pakistan","Panama","Panama","Panama","Panama","Panama","Panama","Panama","Panama","Panama","Panama","Panama","Panama","Paraguay","Paraguay","Paraguay","Paraguay","Paraguay","Paraguay","Paraguay","Paraguay","Paraguay","Paraguay","Paraguay","Paraguay","Peru","Peru","Peru","Peru","Peru","Peru","Peru","Peru","Peru","Peru","Peru","Peru","Philippines","Philippines","Philippines","Philippines","Philippines","Philippines","Philippines","Philippines","Philippines","Philippines","Philippines","Philippines","Poland","Poland","Poland","Poland","Poland","Poland","Poland","Poland","Poland","Poland","Poland","Poland","Portugal","Portugal","Portugal","Portugal","Portugal","Portugal","Portugal","Portugal","Portugal","Portugal","Portugal","Portugal","Puerto Rico","Puerto Rico","Puerto Rico","Puerto Rico","Puerto Rico","Puerto Rico","Puerto Rico","Puerto Rico","Puerto Rico","Puerto Rico","Puerto Rico","Puerto Rico","Reunion","Reunion","Reunion","Reunion","Reunion","Reunion","Reunion","Reunion","Reunion","Reunion","Reunion","Reunion","Romania","Romania","Romania","Romania","Romania","Romania","Romania","Romania","Romania","Romania","Romania","Romania","Rwanda","Rwanda","Rwanda","Rwanda","Rwanda","Rwanda","Rwanda","Rwanda","Rwanda","Rwanda","Rwanda","Rwanda","Sao Tome and Principe","Sao Tome and Principe","Sao Tome and Principe","Sao Tome and Principe","Sao Tome and Principe","Sao Tome and Principe","Sao Tome and Principe","Sao Tome and Principe","Sao Tome and Principe","Sao Tome and Principe","Sao Tome and Principe","Sao Tome and Principe","Saudi Arabia","Saudi Arabia","Saudi Arabia","Saudi Arabia","Saudi Arabia","Saudi Arabia","Saudi Arabia","Saudi Arabia","Saudi Arabia","Saudi Arabia","Saudi Arabia","Saudi Arabia","Senegal","Senegal","Senegal","Senegal","Senegal","Senegal","Senegal","Senegal","Senegal","Senegal","Senegal","Senegal","Serbia","Serbia","Serbia","Serbia","Serbia","Serbia","Serbia","Serbia","Serbia","Serbia","Serbia","Serbia","Sierra Leone","Sierra Leone","Sierra Leone","Sierra Leone","Sierra Leone","Sierra Leone","Sierra Leone","Sierra Leone","Sierra Leone","Sierra Leone","Sierra Leone","Sierra Leone","Singapore","Singapore","Singapore","Singapore","Singapore","Singapore","Singapore","Singapore","Singapore","Singapore","Singapore","Singapore","Slovak Republic","Slovak Republic","Slovak Republic","Slovak Republic","Slovak Republic","Slovak Republic","Slovak Republic","Slovak Republic","Slovak Republic","Slovak Republic","Slovak Republic","Slovak Republic","Slovenia","Slovenia","Slovenia","Slovenia","Slovenia","Slovenia","Slovenia","Slovenia","Slovenia","Slovenia","Slovenia","Slovenia","Somalia","Somalia","Somalia","Somalia","Somalia","Somalia","Somalia","Somalia","Somalia","Somalia","Somalia","Somalia","South Africa","South Africa","South Africa","South Africa","South Africa","South Africa","South Africa","South Africa","South Africa","South Africa","South Africa","South Africa","Spain","Spain","Spain","Spain","Spain","Spain","Spain","Spain","Spain","Spain","Spain","Spain","Sri Lanka","Sri Lanka","Sri Lanka","Sri Lanka","Sri Lanka","Sri Lanka","Sri Lanka","Sri Lanka","Sri Lanka","Sri Lanka","Sri Lanka","Sri Lanka","Sudan","Sudan","Sudan","Sudan","Sudan","Sudan","Sudan","Sudan","Sudan","Sudan","Sudan","Sudan","Swaziland","Swaziland","Swaziland","Swaziland","Swaziland","Swaziland","Swaziland","Swaziland","Swaziland","Swaziland","Swaziland","Swaziland","Sweden","Sweden","Sweden","Sweden","Sweden","Sweden","Sweden","Sweden","Sweden","Sweden","Sweden","Sweden","Switzerland","Switzerland","Switzerland","Switzerland","Switzerland","Switzerland","Switzerland","Switzerland","Switzerland","Switzerland","Switzerland","Switzerland","Syria","Syria","Syria","Syria","Syria","Syria","Syria","Syria","Syria","Syria","Syria","Syria","Taiwan","Taiwan","Taiwan","Taiwan","Taiwan","Taiwan","Taiwan","Taiwan","Taiwan","Taiwan","Taiwan","Taiwan","Tanzania","Tanzania","Tanzania","Tanzania","Tanzania","Tanzania","Tanzania","Tanzania","Tanzania","Tanzania","Tanzania","Tanzania","Thailand","Thailand","Thailand","Thailand","Thailand","Thailand","Thailand","Thailand","Thailand","Thailand","Thailand","Thailand","Togo","Togo","Togo","Togo","Togo","Togo","Togo","Togo","Togo","Togo","Togo","Togo","Trinidad and Tobago","Trinidad and Tobago","Trinidad and Tobago","Trinidad and Tobago","Trinidad and Tobago","Trinidad and Tobago","Trinidad and Tobago","Trinidad and Tobago","Trinidad and Tobago","Trinidad and Tobago","Trinidad and Tobago","Trinidad and Tobago","Tunisia","Tunisia","Tunisia","Tunisia","Tunisia","Tunisia","Tunisia","Tunisia","Tunisia","Tunisia","Tunisia","Tunisia","Turkey","Turkey","Turkey","Turkey","Turkey","Turkey","Turkey","Turkey","Turkey","Turkey","Turkey","Turkey","Uganda","Uganda","Uganda","Uganda","Uganda","Uganda","Uganda","Uganda","Uganda","Uganda","Uganda","Uganda","United Kingdom","United Kingdom","United Kingdom","United Kingdom","United Kingdom","United Kingdom","United Kingdom","United Kingdom","United Kingdom","United Kingdom","United Kingdom","United Kingdom","United States","United States","United States","United States","United States","United States","United States","United States","United States","United States","United States","United States","Uruguay","Uruguay","Uruguay","Uruguay","Uruguay","Uruguay","Uruguay","Uruguay","Uruguay","Uruguay","Uruguay","Uruguay","Venezuela","Venezuela","Venezuela","Venezuela","Venezuela","Venezuela","Venezuela","Venezuela","Venezuela","Venezuela","Venezuela","Venezuela","Vietnam","Vietnam","Vietnam","Vietnam","Vietnam","Vietnam","Vietnam","Vietnam","Vietnam","Vietnam","Vietnam","Vietnam","West Bank and Gaza","West Bank and Gaza","West Bank and Gaza","West Bank and Gaza","West Bank and Gaza","West Bank and Gaza","West Bank and Gaza","West Bank and Gaza","West Bank and Gaza","West Bank and Gaza","West Bank and Gaza","West Bank and Gaza","Yemen, Rep.","Yemen, Rep.","Yemen, Rep.","Yemen, Rep.","Yemen, Rep.","Yemen, Rep.","Yemen, Rep.","Yemen, Rep.","Yemen, Rep.","Yemen, Rep.","Yemen, Rep.","Yemen, Rep.","Zambia","Zambia","Zambia","Zambia","Zambia","Zambia","Zambia","Zambia","Zambia","Zambia","Zambia","Zambia","Zimbabwe","Zimbabwe","Zimbabwe","Zimbabwe","Zimbabwe","Zimbabwe","Zimbabwe","Zimbabwe","Zimbabwe","Zimbabwe","Zimbabwe","Zimbabwe"],["Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Oceania","Oceania","Oceania","Oceania","Oceania","Oceania","Oceania","Oceania","Oceania","Oceania","Oceania","Oceania","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Oceania","Oceania","Oceania","Oceania","Oceania","Oceania","Oceania","Oceania","Oceania","Oceania","Oceania","Oceania","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Europe","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Americas","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Asia","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa","Africa"],[1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,1952,1957,1962,1967,1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1997,2002,2007],[28.801,30.332,31.997,34.02,36.088,38.438,39.854,40.822,41.674,41.763,42.129,43.828,55.23,59.28,64.81999999999999,66.22,67.69,68.93000000000001,70.42,72,71.581,72.95,75.651,76.423,43.077,45.685,48.303,51.407,54.518,58.014,61.368,65.79900000000001,67.744,69.152,70.994,72.301,30.015,31.999,34,35.985,37.928,39.483,39.942,39.906,40.647,40.963,41.003,42.731,62.485,64.399,65.142,65.634,67.065,68.48099999999999,69.94199999999999,70.774,71.86799999999999,73.27500000000001,74.34,75.31999999999999,69.12,70.33,70.93000000000001,71.09999999999999,71.93000000000001,73.48999999999999,74.73999999999999,76.31999999999999,77.56,78.83,80.37,81.235,66.8,67.48,69.54000000000001,70.14,70.63,72.17,73.18000000000001,74.94,76.04000000000001,77.51000000000001,78.98,79.82899999999999,50.939,53.832,56.923,59.923,63.3,65.593,69.05200000000001,70.75,72.601,73.925,74.795,75.63500000000001,37.484,39.348,41.216,43.453,45.252,46.923,50.009,52.819,56.018,59.412,62.013,64.062,68,69.23999999999999,70.25,70.94,71.44,72.8,73.93000000000001,75.34999999999999,76.45999999999999,77.53,78.31999999999999,79.441,38.223,40.358,42.618,44.885,47.014,49.19,50.904,52.337,53.919,54.777,54.406,56.728,40.414,41.89,43.428,45.032,46.714,50.023,53.859,57.251,59.957,62.05,63.883,65.554,53.82,58.45,61.93,64.79000000000001,67.45,69.86,70.69,71.14,72.178,73.244,74.09,74.852,47.622,49.618,51.52,53.298,56.024,59.319,61.484,63.622,62.745,52.556,46.634,50.728,50.917,53.285,55.665,57.632,59.504,61.489,63.336,65.205,67.057,69.38800000000001,71.006,72.39,59.6,66.61,69.51000000000001,70.42,70.90000000000001,70.81,71.08,71.34,71.19,70.31999999999999,72.14,73.005,31.975,34.906,37.814,40.697,43.591,46.137,48.122,49.557,50.26,50.324,50.65,52.295,39.031,40.533,42.045,43.548,44.057,45.91,47.471,48.211,44.736,45.326,47.36,49.58,39.417,41.366,43.415,45.415,40.317,31.22,50.957,53.914,55.803,56.534,56.752,59.723,38.523,40.428,42.643,44.799,47.049,49.355,52.961,54.985,54.314,52.199,49.856,50.43,68.75,69.95999999999999,71.3,72.13,72.88,74.20999999999999,75.76000000000001,76.86,77.95,78.61,79.77,80.65300000000001,35.463,37.464,39.475,41.478,43.457,46.775,48.295,50.485,49.396,46.066,43.308,44.741,38.092,39.881,41.716,43.601,45.569,47.383,49.517,51.051,51.724,51.573,50.525,50.651,54.745,56.074,57.924,60.523,63.441,67.05200000000001,70.565,72.492,74.126,75.816,77.86,78.553,44,50.54896,44.50136,58.38112,63.11888,63.96736,65.52500000000001,67.274,68.69,70.426,72.02800000000001,72.961,50.643,55.118,57.863,59.963,61.623,63.837,66.65300000000001,67.768,68.42100000000001,70.313,71.682,72.889,40.715,42.46,44.467,46.472,48.944,50.939,52.933,54.926,57.939,60.66,62.974,65.152,39.143,40.652,42.122,44.056,45.989,47.804,47.784,47.412,45.548,42.587,44.966,46.462,42.111,45.053,48.435,52.04,54.907,55.625,56.695,57.47,56.433,52.962,52.97,55.322,57.206,60.026,62.842,65.42400000000001,67.849,70.75,73.45,74.752,75.71299999999999,77.26000000000001,78.123,78.782,40.477,42.469,44.93,47.35,49.801,52.374,53.983,54.655,52.044,47.991,46.832,48.328,61.21,64.77,67.13,68.5,69.61,70.64,70.45999999999999,71.52,72.527,73.68000000000001,74.876,75.748,59.421,62.325,65.246,68.29000000000001,70.723,72.649,73.717,74.17400000000001,74.414,76.151,77.158,78.273,66.87,69.03,69.90000000000001,70.38,70.29000000000001,70.70999999999999,70.95999999999999,71.58,72.40000000000001,74.01000000000001,75.51000000000001,76.486,70.78,71.81,72.34999999999999,72.95999999999999,73.47,74.69,74.63,74.8,75.33,76.11,77.18000000000001,78.33199999999999,34.812,37.328,39.693,42.074,44.366,46.519,48.812,50.04,51.604,53.157,53.373,54.791,45.928,49.828,53.459,56.751,59.631,61.788,63.727,66.04600000000001,68.45699999999999,69.95699999999999,70.84699999999999,72.235,48.357,51.356,54.64,56.678,58.796,61.31,64.342,67.23099999999999,69.613,72.312,74.173,74.994,41.893,44.444,46.992,49.293,51.137,53.319,56.006,59.797,63.674,67.217,69.806,71.33799999999999,45.262,48.57,52.307,55.855,58.207,56.696,56.604,63.154,66.798,69.535,70.73399999999999,71.878,34.482,35.983,37.485,38.987,40.516,42.024,43.662,45.664,47.545,48.245,49.348,51.579,35.928,38.047,40.158,42.189,44.142,44.535,43.89,46.453,49.991,53.378,55.24,58.04,34.078,36.667,40.059,42.115,43.515,44.51,44.916,46.684,48.091,49.402,50.725,52.947,66.55,67.48999999999999,68.75,69.83,70.87,72.52,74.55,74.83,75.7,77.13,78.37,79.313,67.41,68.93000000000001,70.51000000000001,71.55,72.38,73.83,74.89,76.34,77.45999999999999,78.64,79.59,80.657,37.003,38.999,40.489,44.598,48.69,52.79,56.564,60.19,61.366,60.461,56.761,56.735,30,32.065,33.896,35.857,38.308,41.842,45.58,49.265,52.644,55.861,58.041,59.448,67.5,69.09999999999999,70.3,70.8,71,72.5,73.8,74.84699999999999,76.06999999999999,77.34,78.67,79.40600000000001,43.149,44.779,46.452,48.072,49.875,51.756,53.744,55.729,57.501,58.556,58.453,60.022,65.86,67.86,69.51000000000001,71,72.34,73.68000000000001,75.23999999999999,76.67,77.03,77.869,78.256,79.483,42.023,44.142,46.954,50.016,53.738,56.029,58.137,60.782,63.373,66.322,68.97799999999999,70.259,33.609,34.558,35.753,37.197,38.842,40.762,42.891,45.552,48.576,51.455,53.676,56.007,32.5,33.489,34.488,35.492,36.486,37.465,39.327,41.245,43.266,44.873,45.504,46.388,37.579,40.696,43.59,46.243,48.042,49.923,51.461,53.636,55.089,56.671,58.137,60.916,41.912,44.665,48.041,50.924,53.884,57.402,60.909,64.492,66.399,67.65900000000001,68.565,70.19799999999999,60.96,64.75,67.65000000000001,70,72,73.59999999999999,75.45,76.2,77.601,80,81.495,82.208,64.03,66.41,67.95999999999999,69.5,69.76000000000001,69.95,69.39,69.58,69.17,71.04000000000001,72.59,73.33799999999999,72.48999999999999,73.47,73.68000000000001,73.73,74.45999999999999,76.11,76.98999999999999,77.23,78.77,78.95,80.5,81.75700000000001,37.373,40.249,43.605,47.193,50.651,54.208,56.596,58.553,60.223,61.765,62.879,64.69799999999999,37.468,39.918,42.518,45.964,49.203,52.702,56.159,60.137,62.681,66.041,68.58799999999999,70.65000000000001,44.869,47.181,49.325,52.469,55.234,57.702,59.62,63.04,65.742,68.042,69.45099999999999,70.964,45.32,48.437,51.457,54.459,56.95,60.413,62.038,65.044,59.461,58.811,57.046,59.545,66.91,68.90000000000001,70.29000000000001,71.08,71.28,72.03,73.09999999999999,74.36,75.467,76.122,77.783,78.88500000000001,65.39,67.84,69.39,70.75,71.63,73.06,74.45,75.59999999999999,76.93000000000001,78.26900000000001,79.696,80.745,65.94,67.81,69.23999999999999,71.06,72.19,73.48,74.98,76.42,77.44,78.81999999999999,80.23999999999999,80.54600000000001,58.53,62.61,65.61,67.51000000000001,69,70.11,71.20999999999999,71.77,71.76600000000001,72.262,72.047,72.56699999999999,63.03,65.5,68.73,71.43000000000001,73.42,75.38,77.11,78.67,79.36,80.69,82,82.60299999999999,43.158,45.669,48.126,51.629,56.528,61.134,63.739,65.869,68.015,69.77200000000001,71.26300000000001,72.535,42.27,44.686,47.949,50.654,53.559,56.155,58.766,59.339,59.285,54.407,50.992,54.11,50.056,54.081,56.656,59.942,63.983,67.15900000000001,69.09999999999999,70.64700000000001,69.97799999999999,67.727,66.66200000000001,67.297,47.453,52.681,55.292,57.716,62.612,64.76600000000001,67.123,69.81,72.244,74.64700000000001,77.045,78.623,55.565,58.033,60.47,64.624,67.712,69.343,71.309,74.17400000000001,75.19,76.15600000000001,76.904,77.58799999999999,55.928,59.489,62.094,63.87,65.42100000000001,66.099,66.983,67.926,69.292,70.265,71.02800000000001,71.99299999999999,42.138,45.047,47.747,48.492,49.767,52.208,55.078,57.18,59.685,55.558,44.593,42.592,38.48,39.486,40.502,41.536,42.614,43.764,44.852,46.027,40.802,42.221,43.753,45.678,42.723,45.289,47.808,50.227,52.773,57.442,62.155,66.23399999999999,68.755,71.55500000000001,72.73699999999999,73.952,36.681,38.865,40.848,42.881,44.851,46.881,48.969,49.35,52.214,54.978,57.286,59.443,36.256,37.207,38.41,39.487,41.766,43.767,45.642,47.457,49.42,47.495,45.009,48.303,48.463,52.102,55.737,59.371,63.01,65.256,68,69.5,70.693,71.938,73.044,74.241,33.685,35.307,36.936,38.487,39.977,41.714,43.916,46.364,48.388,49.903,51.818,54.467,40.543,42.338,44.248,46.289,48.437,50.852,53.599,56.145,58.333,60.43,62.247,64.164,50.986,58.089,60.246,61.557,62.944,64.93000000000001,66.711,68.73999999999999,69.745,70.736,71.95399999999999,72.801,50.789,55.19,58.299,60.11,62.361,65.032,67.405,69.498,71.455,73.67,74.902,76.19499999999999,42.244,45.248,48.251,51.253,53.754,55.491,57.489,60.222,61.271,63.625,65.033,66.803,59.164,61.448,63.728,67.178,70.636,73.066,74.101,74.86499999999999,75.435,75.44499999999999,73.98099999999999,74.54300000000001,42.873,45.423,47.924,50.335,52.862,55.73,59.65,62.677,65.393,67.66,69.61499999999999,71.164,31.286,33.779,36.161,38.113,40.328,42.495,42.795,42.861,44.284,46.344,44.026,42.082,36.319,41.905,45.108,49.379,53.07,56.059,58.056,58.339,59.32,60.328,59.908,62.069,41.725,45.226,48.386,51.159,53.867,56.437,58.968,60.835,61.999,58.909,51.479,52.906,36.157,37.686,39.393,41.472,43.971,46.748,49.594,52.537,55.727,59.426,61.34,63.785,72.13,72.98999999999999,73.23,73.81999999999999,73.75,75.23999999999999,76.05,76.83,77.42,78.03,78.53,79.762,69.39,70.26000000000001,71.23999999999999,71.52,71.89,72.22,73.84,74.31999999999999,76.33,77.55,79.11,80.20399999999999,42.314,45.432,48.632,51.884,55.151,57.47,59.298,62.008,65.843,68.426,70.836,72.899,37.444,38.598,39.487,40.118,40.546,41.291,42.598,44.555,47.391,51.313,54.496,56.867,36.324,37.802,39.36,41.04,42.821,44.514,45.826,46.886,47.472,47.464,46.608,46.859,72.67,73.44,73.47,74.08,74.34,75.37,75.97,75.89,77.31999999999999,78.31999999999999,79.05,80.196,37.578,40.08,43.165,46.988,52.143,57.367,62.728,67.73399999999999,71.197,72.499,74.193,75.64,43.436,45.557,47.67,49.8,51.929,54.043,56.158,58.245,60.838,61.818,63.61,65.483,55.191,59.201,61.817,64.071,66.21599999999999,68.681,70.47199999999999,71.523,72.462,73.738,74.712,75.53700000000001,62.649,63.196,64.361,64.95099999999999,65.815,66.35299999999999,66.874,67.378,68.22499999999999,69.40000000000001,70.755,71.752,43.902,46.263,49.096,51.445,55.448,58.447,61.406,64.134,66.458,68.386,69.90600000000001,71.42100000000001,47.752,51.334,54.757,56.393,58.065,60.06,62.082,64.151,66.458,68.56399999999999,70.303,71.688,61.31,65.77,67.64,69.61,70.84999999999999,70.67,71.31999999999999,70.98,70.98999999999999,72.75,74.67,75.563,59.82,61.51,64.39,66.59999999999999,69.26000000000001,70.41,72.77,74.06,74.86,75.97,77.29000000000001,78.098,64.28,68.54000000000001,69.62,71.09999999999999,72.16,73.44,73.75,74.63,73.911,74.917,77.77800000000001,78.746,52.724,55.09,57.666,60.542,64.274,67.06399999999999,69.88500000000001,71.913,73.61499999999999,74.77200000000001,75.744,76.44199999999999,61.05,64.09999999999999,66.8,66.8,69.20999999999999,69.45999999999999,69.66,69.53,69.36,69.72,71.322,72.476,40,41.5,43,44.1,44.6,45,46.218,44.02,23.599,36.087,43.413,46.242,46.471,48.945,51.893,54.425,56.48,58.55,60.351,61.728,62.742,63.306,64.337,65.52800000000001,39.875,42.868,45.914,49.901,53.886,58.69,63.012,66.295,68.768,70.533,71.626,72.777,37.278,39.329,41.454,43.563,45.815,48.879,52.379,55.769,58.196,60.187,61.6,63.062,57.996,61.685,64.53100000000001,66.914,68.7,70.3,70.16200000000001,71.218,71.65900000000001,72.232,73.21299999999999,74.002,30.331,31.57,32.767,34.113,35.4,36.788,38.445,40.006,38.333,39.897,41.012,42.568,60.396,63.179,65.798,67.946,69.521,70.795,71.76000000000001,73.56,75.788,77.158,78.77,79.97199999999999,64.36,67.45,70.33,70.98,70.34999999999999,70.45,70.8,71.08,71.38,72.70999999999999,73.8,74.663,65.56999999999999,67.84999999999999,69.15000000000001,69.18000000000001,69.81999999999999,70.97,71.063,72.25,73.64,75.13,76.66,77.926,32.978,34.977,36.981,38.977,40.973,41.974,42.955,44.501,39.658,43.795,45.936,48.159,45.009,47.985,49.951,51.927,53.696,55.527,58.161,60.834,61.888,60.236,53.365,49.339,64.94,66.66,69.69,71.44,73.06,74.39,76.3,76.90000000000001,77.56999999999999,78.77,79.78,80.941,57.593,61.456,62.192,64.26600000000001,65.042,65.949,68.75700000000001,69.011,70.379,70.45699999999999,70.815,72.396,38.635,39.624,40.87,42.858,45.083,47.8,50.338,51.744,53.556,55.373,56.369,58.556,41.407,43.424,44.992,46.633,49.552,52.537,55.561,57.678,58.474,54.289,43.869,39.613,71.86,72.48999999999999,73.37,74.16,74.72,75.44,76.42,77.19,78.16,79.39,80.04000000000001,80.884,69.62,70.56,71.31999999999999,72.77,73.78,75.39,76.20999999999999,77.41,78.03,79.37,80.62,81.70099999999999,45.883,48.284,50.305,53.655,57.296,61.195,64.59,66.974,69.249,71.527,73.053,74.143,58.5,62.4,65.2,67.5,69.39,70.59,72.16,73.40000000000001,74.26000000000001,75.25,76.98999999999999,78.40000000000001,41.215,42.974,44.246,45.757,47.62,49.919,50.608,51.535,50.44,48.466,49.651,52.517,50.848,53.63,56.061,58.285,60.405,62.494,64.59699999999999,66.084,67.298,67.521,68.56399999999999,70.616,38.596,41.208,43.922,46.769,49.759,52.887,55.471,56.941,58.061,58.39,57.561,58.42,59.1,61.8,64.90000000000001,65.40000000000001,65.90000000000001,68.3,68.83199999999999,69.58199999999999,69.86199999999999,69.465,68.976,69.819,44.6,47.1,49.579,52.053,55.602,59.837,64.048,66.89400000000001,70.001,71.973,73.042,73.923,43.585,48.079,52.098,54.336,57.005,59.507,61.036,63.108,66.146,68.83499999999999,70.845,71.777,39.978,42.571,45.344,48.051,51.016,50.35,49.849,51.509,48.825,44.578,47.813,51.542,69.18000000000001,70.42,70.76000000000001,71.36,72.01000000000001,72.76000000000001,74.04000000000001,75.00700000000001,76.42,77.218,78.471,79.425,68.44,69.48999999999999,70.20999999999999,70.76000000000001,71.34,73.38,74.65000000000001,75.02,76.09,76.81,77.31,78.242,66.071,67.044,68.253,68.468,68.673,69.48099999999999,70.80500000000001,71.91800000000001,72.752,74.223,75.307,76.384,55.088,57.907,60.77,63.479,65.712,67.456,68.557,70.19,71.15000000000001,72.146,72.76600000000001,73.747,40.412,42.887,45.363,47.838,50.254,55.764,58.816,62.82,67.66200000000001,70.672,73.017,74.249,43.16,45.671,48.127,51.631,56.532,60.765,64.40600000000001,67.04600000000001,69.718,71.096,72.37,73.422,32.548,33.97,35.18,36.984,39.848,44.175,49.113,52.922,55.599,58.02,60.308,62.698,42.038,44.077,46.023,47.768,50.107,51.386,51.821,50.821,46.1,40.238,39.193,42.384,48.451,50.469,52.358,53.995,55.635,57.674,60.363,62.351,60.377,46.809,39.989,43.487],[8425333,9240934,10267083,11537966,13079460,14880372,12881816,13867957,16317921,22227415,25268405,31889923,1282697,1476505,1728137,1984060,2263554,2509048,2780097,3075321,3326498,3428038,3508512,3600523,9279525,10270856,11000948,12760499,14760787,17152804,20033753,23254956,26298373,29072015,31287142,33333216,4232095,4561361,4826015,5247469,5894858,6162675,7016384,7874230,8735988,9875024,10866106,12420476,17876956,19610538,21283783,22934225,24779799,26983828,29341374,31620918,33958947,36203463,38331121,40301927,8691212,9712569,10794968,11872264,13177000,14074100,15184200,16257249,17481977,18565243,19546792,20434176,6927772,6965860,7129864,7376998,7544201,7568430,7574613,7578903,7914969,8069876,8148312,8199783,120447,138655,171863,202182,230800,297410,377967,454612,529491,598561,656397,708573,46886859,51365468,56839289,62821884,70759295,80428306,93074406,103764241,113704579,123315288,135656790,150448339,8730405,8989111,9218400,9556500,9709100,9821800,9856303,9870200,10045622,10199787,10311970,10392226,1738315,1925173,2151895,2427334,2761407,3168267,3641603,4243788,4981671,6066080,7026113,8078314,2883315,3211738,3593918,4040665,4565872,5079716,5642224,6156369,6893451,7693188,8445134,9119152,2791000,3076000,3349000,3585000,3819000,4086000,4172693,4338977,4256013,3607000,4165416,4552198,442308,474639,512764,553541,619351,781472,970347,1151184,1342614,1536536,1630347,1639131,56602560,65551171,76039390,88049823,100840058,114313951,128962939,142938076,155975974,168546719,179914212,190010647,7274900,7651254,8012946,8310226,8576200,8797022,8892098,8971958,8658506,8066057,7661799,7322858,4469979,4713416,4919632,5127935,5433886,5889574,6634596,7586551,8878303,10352843,12251209,14326203,2445618,2667518,2961915,3330989,3529983,3834415,4580410,5126023,5809236,6121610,7021078,8390505,4693836,5322536,6083619,6960067,7450606,6978607,7272485,8371791,10150094,11782962,12926707,14131858,5009067,5359923,5793633,6335506,7021028,7959865,9250831,10780667,12467171,14195809,15929988,17696293,14785584,17010154,18985849,20819767,22284500,23796400,25201900,26549700,28523502,30305843,31902268,33390141,1291695,1392284,1523478,1733638,1927260,2167533,2476971,2840009,3265124,3696513,4048013,4369038,2682462,2894855,3150417,3495967,3899068,4388260,4875118,5498955,6429417,7562011,8835739,10238807,6377619,7048426,7961258,8858908,9717524,10599793,11487112,12463354,13572994,14599929,15497046,16284741,556263527,637408000,665770000,754550000,862030000,943455000,1000281000,1084035000,1164970000,1230075000,1280400000,1318683096,12350771,14485993,17009885,19764027,22542890,25094412,27764644,30964245,34202721,37657830,41008227,44227550,153936,170928,191689,217378,250027,304739,348643,395114,454429,527982,614382,710960,14100005,15577932,17486434,19941073,23007669,26480870,30646495,35481645,41672143,47798986,55379852,64606759,854885,940458,1047924,1179760,1340458,1536769,1774735,2064095,2409073,2800947,3328795,3800610,926317,1112300,1345187,1588717,1834796,2108457,2424367,2799811,3173216,3518107,3834934,4133884,2977019,3300000,3832408,4744870,6071696,7459574,9025951,10761098,12772596,14625967,16252726,18013409,3882229,3991242,4076557,4174366,4225310,4318673,4413368,4484310,4494013,4444595,4481020,4493312,6007797,6640752,7254373,8139332,8831348,9537988,9789224,10239839,10723260,10983007,11226999,11416987,9125183,9513758,9620282,9835109,9862158,10161915,10303704,10311597,10315702,10300707,10256295,10228744,4334000,4487831,4646899,4838800,4991596,5088419,5117810,5127024,5171393,5283663,5374693,5468120,63149,71851,89898,127617,178848,228694,305991,311025,384156,417908,447416,496374,2491346,2923186,3453434,4049146,4671329,5302800,5968349,6655297,7351181,7992357,8650322,9319622,3548753,4058385,4681707,5432424,6298651,7278866,8365850,9545158,10748394,11911819,12921234,13755680,22223309,25009741,28173309,31681188,34807417,38783863,45681811,52799062,59402198,66134291,73312559,80264543,2042865,2355805,2747687,3232927,3790903,4282586,4474873,4842194,5274649,5783439,6353681,6939688,216964,232922,249220,259864,277603,192675,285483,341244,387838,439971,495627,551201,1438760,1542611,1666618,1820319,2260187,2512642,2637297,2915959,3668440,4058319,4414865,4906585,20860941,22815614,25145372,27860297,30770372,34617799,38111756,42999530,52088559,59861301,67946797,76511887,4090500,4324000,4491443,4605744,4639657,4738902,4826933,4931729,5041039,5134406,5193039,5238460,42459667,44310863,47124000,49569000,51732000,53165019,54433565,55630100,57374179,58623428,59925035,61083916,420702,434904,455661,489004,537977,706367,753874,880397,985739,1126189,1299304,1454867,284320,323150,374020,439593,517101,608274,715523,848406,1025384,1235767,1457766,1688359,69145952,71019069,73739117,76368453,78717088,78160773,78335266,77718298,80597764,82011073,82350671,82400996,5581001,6391288,7355248,8490213,9354120,10538093,11400338,14168101,16278738,18418288,20550751,22873338,7733250,8096218,8448233,8716441,8888628,9308479,9786480,9974490,10325429,10502372,10603863,10706290,3146381,3640876,4208858,4690773,5149581,5703430,6395630,7326406,8486949,9803875,11178650,12572928,2664249,2876726,3140003,3451418,3811387,4227026,4710497,5650262,6990574,8048834,8807818,9947814,580653,601095,627820,601287,625361,745228,825987,927524,1050938,1193708,1332459,1472041,3201488,3507701,3880130,4318137,4698301,4908554,5198399,5756203,6326682,6913545,7607651,8502814,1517453,1770390,2090162,2500689,2965146,3055235,3669448,4372203,5077347,5867957,6677328,7483763,2125900,2736300,3305200,3722800,4115700,4583700,5264500,5584510,5829696,6495918,6762476,6980412,9504000,9839000,10063000,10223422,10394091,10637171,10705535,10612740,10348684,10244684,10083313,9956108,147962,165110,182053,198676,209275,221823,233997,244676,259012,271192,288030,301931,372000000,409000000,454000000,506000000,567000000,634000000,708000000,788000000,872000000,959000000,1034172547,1110396331,82052000,90124000,99028000,109343000,121282000,136725000,153343000,169276000,184816000,199278000,211060000,223547000,17272000,19792000,22874000,26538000,30614000,35480679,43072751,51889696,60397973,63327987,66907826,69453570,5441766,6248643,7240260,8519282,10061506,11882916,14173318,16543189,17861905,20775703,24001816,27499638,2952156,2878220,2830000,2900100,3024400,3271900,3480000,3539900,3557761,3667233,3879155,4109086,1620914,1944401,2310904,2693585,3095893,3495918,3858421,4203148,4936550,5531387,6029529,6426679,47666000,49182000,50843200,52667100,54365564,56059245,56535636,56729703,56840847,57479469,57926999,58147733,1426095,1535090,1665128,1861096,1997616,2156814,2298309,2326606,2378618,2531311,2664659,2780132,86459025,91563009,95831757,100825279,107188273,113872473,118454974,122091325,124329269,125956499,127065841,127467972,607914,746559,933559,1255058,1613551,1937652,2347031,2820042,3867409,4526235,5307470,6053193,6464046,7454779,8678557,10191512,12044785,14500404,17661452,21198082,25020539,28263827,31386842,35610177,8865488,9411381,10917494,12617009,14781241,16325320,17647518,19067554,20711375,21585105,22215365,23301725,20947571,22611552,26420307,30131000,33505000,36436000,39326000,41622000,43805450,46173816,47969150,49044790,160000,212846,358266,575003,841934,1140357,1497494,1891487,1418095,1765345,2111561,2505559,1439529,1647412,1886848,2186894,2680018,3115787,3086876,3089353,3219994,3430388,3677780,3921278,748747,813338,893143,996380,1116779,1251524,1411807,1599200,1803195,1982823,2046772,2012649,863308,975950,1112796,1279406,1482628,1703617,1956875,2269414,1912974,2200725,2814651,3193942,1019729,1201578,1441863,1759224,2183877,2721783,3344074,3799845,4364501,4759670,5368585,6036914,4762912,5181679,5703324,6334556,7082430,8007166,9171477,10568642,12210395,14165114,16473477,19167654,2917802,3221238,3628608,4147252,4730997,5637246,6502825,7824747,10014249,10419991,11824495,13327079,6748378,7739235,8906385,10154878,11441462,12845381,14441916,16331785,18319502,20476091,22662365,24821286,3838168,4241884,4690372,5212416,5828158,6491649,6998256,7634008,8416215,9384984,10580176,12031795,1022556,1076852,1146757,1230542,1332786,1456688,1622136,1841240,2119465,2444741,2828858,3270065,516556,609816,701016,789309,851334,913025,992040,1042663,1096202,1149818,1200206,1250882,30144317,35015548,41121485,47995559,55984294,63759976,71640904,80122492,88111030,95895146,102479927,108700891,800663,882134,1010280,1149500,1320500,1528000,1756032,2015133,2312802,2494803,2674234,2874127,413834,442829,474528,501035,527678,560073,562548,569473,621621,692651,720230,684736,9939217,11406350,13056604,14770296,16660670,18396941,20198730,22987397,25798239,28529501,31167783,33757175,6446316,7038035,7788944,8680909,9809596,11127868,12587223,12891952,13160731,16603334,18473780,19951656,20092996,21731844,23634436,25870271,28466390,31528087,34680442,38028578,40546538,43247867,45598081,47761980,485831,548080,621392,706640,821782,977026,1099010,1278184,1554253,1774766,1972153,2055080,9182536,9682338,10332057,11261690,12412593,13933198,15796314,17917180,20326209,23001113,25873917,28901790,10381988,11026383,11805689,12596822,13329874,13852989,14310401,14665278,15174244,15604464,16122830,16570613,1994794,2229407,2488550,2728150,2929100,3164900,3210650,3317166,3437674,3676187,3908037,4115771,1165790,1358828,1590597,1865490,2182908,2554598,2979423,3344353,4017939,4609572,5146848,5675356,3379468,3692184,4076008,4534062,5060262,5682086,6437188,7332638,8392818,9666252,11140655,12894865,33119096,37173340,41871351,47287752,53740085,62209173,73039376,81551520,93364244,106207839,119901274,135031164,3327728,3491938,3638919,3786019,3933004,4043205,4114787,4186147,4286357,4405672,4535591,4627926,507833,561977,628164,714775,829050,1004533,1301048,1593882,1915208,2283635,2713462,3204897,41346560,46679944,53100671,60641899,69325921,78152686,91462088,105186881,120065004,135564834,153403524,169270617,940080,1063506,1215725,1405486,1616384,1839782,2036305,2253639,2484997,2734531,2990875,3242173,1555876,1770902,2009813,2287985,2614104,2984494,3366439,3886512,4483945,5154123,5884491,6667147,8025700,9146100,10516500,12132200,13954700,15990099,18125129,20195924,22430449,24748122,26769436,28674757,22438691,26072194,30325264,35356600,40850141,46850962,53456774,60017788,67185766,75012988,82995088,91077287,25730551,28235346,30329617,31785378,33039545,34621254,36227381,37740710,38370697,38654957,38625976,38518241,8526050,8817650,9019800,9103000,8970450,9662600,9859650,9915289,9927680,10156415,10433867,10642836,2227000,2260000,2448046,2648961,2847132,3080828,3279001,3444468,3585176,3759430,3859606,3942491,257700,308700,358900,414024,461633,492095,517810,562035,622191,684810,743981,798094,16630000,17829327,18680721,19284814,20662648,21658597,22356726,22686371,22797027,22562458,22404337,22276056,2534927,2822082,3051242,3451079,3992121,4657072,5507565,6349365,7290203,7212583,7852401,8860588,60011,61325,65345,70787,76595,86796,98593,110812,125911,145608,170372,199579,4005677,4419650,4943029,5618198,6472756,8128505,11254672,14619745,16945857,21229759,24501530,27601038,2755589,3054547,3430243,3965841,4588696,5260855,6147783,7171347,8307920,9535314,10870037,12267493,6860147,7271135,7616060,7971222,8313288,8686367,9032824,9230783,9826397,10336594,10111559,10150265,2143249,2295678,2467895,2662190,2879013,3140897,3464522,3868905,4260884,4578212,5359092,6144562,1127000,1445929,1750200,1977600,2152400,2325300,2651869,2794552,3235865,3802309,4197776,4553009,3558137,3844277,4237384,4442238,4593433,4827803,5048043,5199318,5302888,5383010,5410052,5447502,1489518,1533070,1582962,1646912,1694510,1746919,1861252,1945870,1999210,2011612,2011497,2009245,2526994,2780415,3080153,3428839,3840161,4353666,5828892,6921858,6099799,6633514,7753310,9118773,14264935,16151549,18356657,20997321,23935810,27129932,31140029,35933379,39964159,42835005,44433622,43997828,28549870,29841614,31158061,32850275,34513161,36439000,37983310,38880702,39549438,39855442,40152517,40448191,7982342,9128546,10421936,11737396,13016733,14116836,15410151,16495304,17587060,18698655,19576783,20378239,8504667,9753392,11183227,12716129,14597019,17104986,20367053,24725960,28227588,32160729,37090298,42292929,290243,326741,370006,420690,480105,551425,649901,779348,962344,1054486,1130269,1133066,7124673,7363802,7561588,7867931,8122293,8251648,8325260,8421403,8718867,8897619,8954175,9031088,4815000,5126000,5666000,6063000,6401400,6316424,6468126,6649942,6995447,7193761,7361757,7554661,3661549,4149908,4834621,5680812,6701172,7932503,9410494,11242847,13219062,15081016,17155814,19314747,8550362,10164215,11918938,13648692,15226039,16785196,18501390,19757799,20686918,21628605,22454239,23174294,8322925,9452826,10863958,12607312,14706593,17129565,19844382,23040630,26605473,30686889,34593779,38139640,21289402,25041917,29263397,34024249,39276153,44148285,48827160,52910342,56667095,60216677,62806748,65068149,1219113,1357445,1528098,1735550,2056351,2308582,2644765,3154264,3747553,4320890,4977378,5701579,662850,764900,887498,960155,975199,1039009,1116479,1191336,1183669,1138101,1101832,1056608,3647735,3950849,4286552,4786986,5303507,6005061,6734098,7724976,8523077,9231669,9770575,10276158,22235677,25670939,29788695,33411317,37492953,42404033,47328791,52881328,58179144,63047647,67308928,71158647,5824797,6675501,7688797,8900294,10190285,11457758,12939400,15283050,18252190,21210254,24739869,29170398,50430000,51430000,53292000,54959000,56079000,56179000,56339704,56981620,57866349,58808266,59912431,60776238,157553000,171984000,186538000,198712000,209896000,220239000,232187835,242803533,256894189,272911760,287675526,301139947,2252965,2424959,2598466,2748579,2829526,2873520,2953997,3045153,3149262,3262838,3363085,3447496,5439568,6702668,8143375,9709552,11515649,13503563,15620766,17910182,20265563,22374398,24287670,26084662,26246839,28998543,33796140,39463910,44655014,50533506,56142181,62826491,69940728,76048996,80908147,85262356,1030585,1070439,1133134,1142636,1089572,1261091,1425876,1691210,2104779,2826046,3389578,4018332,4963829,5498090,6120081,6740785,7407075,8403990,9657618,11219340,13367997,15826497,18701257,22211743,2672000,3016000,3421000,3900000,4506497,5216550,6100407,7272406,8381163,9417789,10595811,11746035,3080907,3646340,4277736,4995432,5861135,6642107,7636524,9216418,10704340,11404948,11926563,12311143],[779.4453145,820.8530296,853.10071,836.1971382,739.9811058,786.1133599999999,978.0114388,852.3959448000001,649.3413952,635.341351,726.7340548,974.5803384,1601.056136,1942.284244,2312.888958,2760.196931,3313.422188,3533.00391,3630.880722,3738.932735,2497.437901,3193.054604,4604.211737,5937.029526,2449.008185,3013.976023,2550.81688,3246.991771,4182.663766,4910.416756,5745.160213,5681.358539,5023.216647,4797.295051,5288.040382,6223.367465,3520.610273,3827.940465,4269.276742,5522.776375,5473.288005,3008.647355,2756.953672,2430.208311,2627.845685,2277.140884,2773.287312,4797.231267,5911.315053,6856.856212,7133.166023,8052.953021,9443.038526,10079.02674,8997.897412,9139.671388999999,9308.41871,10967.28195,8797.640716,12779.37964,10039.59564,10949.64959,12217.22686,14526.12465,16788.62948,18334.19751,19477.00928,21888.88903,23424.76683,26997.93657,30687.75473,34435.36744,6137.076492,8842.598029999999,10750.72111,12834.6024,16661.6256,19749.4223,21597.08362,23687.82607,27042.01868,29095.92066,32417.60769,36126.4927,9867.084765,11635.79945,12753.27514,14804.6727,18268.65839,19340.10196,19211.14731,18524.02406,19035.57917,20292.01679,23403.55927,29796.04834,684.2441716,661.6374577,686.3415538,721.1860862,630.2336265,659.8772322,676.9818656,751.9794035,837.8101643,972.7700352000001,1136.39043,1391.253792,8343.105127000001,9714.960623000001,10991.20676,13149.04119,16672.14356,19117.97448,20979.84589,22525.56308,25575.57069,27561.19663,30485.88375,33692.60508,1062.7522,959.6010805,949.4990641000001,1035.831411,1085.796879,1029.161251,1277.897616,1225.85601,1191.207681,1232.975292,1372.877931,1441.284873,2677.326347,2127.686326,2180.972546,2586.886053,2980.331339,3548.097832,3156.510452,2753.69149,2961.699694,3326.143191,3413.26269,3822.137084,973.5331948,1353.989176,1709.683679,2172.352423,2860.16975,3528.481305,4126.613157,4314.114757,2546.781445,4766.355904,6018.975239,7446.298803,851.2411407,918.2325349,983.6539764,1214.709294,2263.611114,3214.857818,4551.14215,6205.88385,7954.111645,8647.142313,11003.60508,12569.85177,2108.944355,2487.365989,3336.585802,3429.864357,4985.711467,6660.118654,7030.835878,7807.095818,6950.283021,7957.980824,8131.212843,9065.800825,2444.286648,3008.670727,4254.337839,5577.0028,6597.494398,7612.240438,8224.191647,8239.854824,6302.623438,5970.38876,7696.777725,10680.79282,543.2552413,617.1834648,722.5120206,794.8265597,854.7359762999999,743.3870368,807.1985855,912.0631417,931.7527731,946.2949618,1037.645221,1217.032994,339.2964587,379.5646281,355.2032273,412.9775136,464.0995039,556.1032651,559.6032310000001,621.8188189,631.6998778,463.1151478,446.4035126,430.0706916,368.4692856,434.0383364,496.9136476,523.4323142,421.6240257,524.9721832,624.4754784,683.8955731999999,682.3031755,734.28517,896.2260153,1713.778686,1172.667655,1313.048099,1399.607441,1508.453148,1684.146528,1783.432873,2367.983282,2602.664206,1793.163278,1694.337469,1934.011449,2042.09524,11367.16112,12489.95006,13462.48555,16076.58803,18970.57086,22090.88306,22898.79214,26626.51503,26342.88426,28954.92589,33328.96507,36319.23501,1071.310713,1190.844328,1193.068753,1136.056615,1070.013275,1109.374338,956.7529907000001,844.8763504,747.9055252000001,740.5063317,738.6906068,706.016537,1178.665927,1308.495577,1389.817618,1196.810565,1104.103987,1133.98495,797.9081006,952.386129,1058.0643,1004.961353,1156.18186,1704.063724,3939.978789,4315.622723,4519.094331,5106.654313,5494.024437,4756.763836,5095.665738,5547.063754,7596.125964,10118.05318,10778.78385,13171.63885,400.448611,575.9870009,487.6740183,612.7056934,676.9000921000001,741.2374699,962.4213805000001,1378.904018,1655.784158,2289.234136,3119.280896,4959.114854,2144.115096,2323.805581,2492.351109,2678.729839,3264.660041,3815.80787,4397.575659,4903.2191,5444.648617,6117.361746,5755.259962,7006.580419,1102.990936,1211.148548,1406.648278,1876.029643,1937.577675,1172.603047,1267.100083,1315.980812,1246.90737,1173.618235,1075.811558,986.1478792,780.5423257,905.8602303,896.3146335,861.5932424,904.8960685,795.757282,673.7478181,672.774812,457.7191807,312.188423,241.1658765,277.5518587,2125.621418,2315.056572,2464.783157,2677.939642,3213.152683,3259.178978,4879.507522,4201.194937,4016.239529,3484.164376,3484.06197,3632.557798,2627.009471,2990.010802,3460.937025,4161.727834,5118.146939,5926.876967,5262.734751,5629.915318,6160.416317,6677.045314,7723.447195,9645.06142,1388.594732,1500.895925,1728.869428,2052.050473,2378.201111,2517.736547,2602.710169,2156.956069,1648.073791,1786.265407,1648.800823,1544.750112,3119.23652,4338.231617,5477.890018,6960.297861,9164.090126999999,11305.38517,13221.82184,13822.58394,8447.794873000001,9875.604515000001,11628.38895,14619.22272,5586.53878,6092.174359,5180.75591,5690.268015,5305.445256,6380.494966,7316.918107,7532.924763,5592.843963,5431.990415,6340.646683,8948.102923,6876.14025,8256.343918,10136.86713,11399.44489,13108.4536,14800.16062,15377.22855,16310.4434,14297.02122,16048.51424,17596.21022,22833.30851,9692.385244999999,11099.65935,13583.31351,15937.21123,18866.20721,20422.9015,21688.04048,25116.17581,26406.73985,29804.34567,32166.50006,35278.41874,2669.529475,2864.969076,3020.989263,3020.050513,3694.212352,3081.761022,2879.468067,2880.102568,2377.156192,1895.016984,1908.260867,2082.481567,1397.717137,1544.402995,1662.137359,1653.723003,2189.874499,2681.9889,2861.092386,2899.842175,3044.214214,3614.101285,4563.808154,6025.374752,3522.110717,3780.546651,4086.114078,4579.074215,5280.99471,6679.62326,7213.791267,6481.776993,7103.702595,7429.455877,5773.044512,6873.262326,1418.822445,1458.915272,1693.335853,1814.880728,2024.008147,2785.493582,3503.729636,3885.46071,3794.755195,4173.181797,4754.604414,5581.180998,3048.3029,3421.523218,3776.803627,4358.595393,4520.246008,5138.922374,4098.344175,4140.442097,4444.2317,5154.825496,5351.568666,5728.353514,375.6431231,426.0964081,582.8419714,915.5960025000001,672.4122571,958.5668124,927.8253427,966.8968149,1132.055034,2814.480755,7703.4959,12154.08975,328.9405571,344.1618859,380.9958433,468.7949699,514.3242082,505.7538077,524.8758493,521.1341333,582.8585102,913.47079,765.3500015,641.3695236,362.1462796,378.9041632,419.4564161,516.1186438,566.2439442,556.8083834,577.8607471,573.7413142,421.3534653,515.8894013,530.0535319000001,690.8055759,6424.519071,7545.415386,9371.842560999999,10921.63626,14358.8759,15605.42283,18533.15761,21141.01223,20647.16499,23723.9502,28204.59057,33207.0844,7029.809327,8662.834897999999,10560.48553,12999.91766,16107.19171,18292.63514,20293.89746,22066.44214,24703.79615,25889.78487,28926.03234,30470.0167,4293.476475,4976.198099,6631.459222,8358.761987,11401.94841,21745.57328,15113.36194,11864.40844,13522.15752,14722.84188,12521.71392,13206.48452,485.2306591,520.9267111,599.650276,734.7829124,756.0868363,884.7552507,835.8096108,611.6588611,665.6244126,653.7301704,660.5855997,752.7497265,7144.114393,10187.82665,12902.46291,14745.62561,18016.18027,20512.92123,22031.53274,24639.18566,26505.30317,27788.88416,30035.80198,32170.37442,911.2989371,1043.561537,1190.041118,1125.69716,1178.223708,993.2239571,876.032569,847.0061135,925.060154,1005.245812,1111.984578,1327.60891,3530.690067,4916.299889,6017.190733,8513.097016,12724.82957,14195.52428,15268.42089,16120.52839,17541.49634,18747.69814,22514.2548,27538.41188,2428.237769,2617.155967,2750.364446,3242.531147,4031.408271,4879.992748,4820.49479,4246.485974,4439.45084,4684.313807,4858.347495,5186.050003,510.1964923,576.2670245,686.3736739,708.7595409,741.6662307,874.6858643,857.2503577,805.5724718,794.3484384,869.4497668,945.5835837,942.6542111,299.850319,431.7904566,522.0343725,715.5806401999999,820.2245875999999,764.7259628,838.1239671,736.4153921,745.5398706,796.6644681,575.7047176,579.2317430000001,1840.366939,1726.887882,1796.589032,1452.057666,1654.456946,1874.298931,2011.159549,1823.015995,1456.309517,1341.726931,1270.364932,1201.637154,2194.926204,2220.487682,2291.156835,2538.269358,2529.842345,3203.208066,3121.760794,3023.096699,3081.694603,3160.454906,3099.72866,3548.330846,3054.421209,3629.076457,4692.648272,6197.962814,8315.928145,11186.14125,14560.53051,20038.47269,24757.60301,28377.63219,30209.01516,39724.97867,5263.673816,6040.180011,7550.359877,9326.64467,10168.65611,11674.83737,12545.99066,12986.47998,10535.62855,11712.7768,14843.93556,18008.94444,7267.688428,9244.001412,10350.15906,13319.89568,15798.06362,19654.96247,23269.6075,26923.20628,25144.39201,28061.09966,31163.20196,36180.78919,546.5657493,590.061996,658.3471509,700.7706107,724.032527,813.337323,855.7235377,976.5126756,1164.406809,1458.817442,1746.769454,2452.210407,749.6816546,858.9002707,849.2897701000001,762.4317721,1111.107907,1382.702056,1516.872988,1748.356961,2383.140898,3119.335603,2873.91287,3540.651564,3035.326002,3290.257643,4187.329802,5906.731805,9613.818606999999,11888.59508,7608.334602,6642.881371,7235.653188,8263.590301,9240.761974999999,11605.71449,4129.766056,6229.333562,8341.737815,8931.459811000001,9576.037596,14688.23507,14517.90711,11643.57268,3745.640687,3076.239795,4390.717312,4471.061906,5210.280328,5599.077872,6631.597314,7655.568963,9530.772896,11150.98113,12618.32141,13872.86652,17558.81555,24521.94713,34077.04939,40675.99635,4086.522128,5385.278451,7105.630706,8393.741404,12786.93223,13306.61921,15367.0292,17122.47986,18051.52254,20896.60924,21905.59514,25523.2771,4931.404155,6248.656232,8243.582340000001,10022.40131,12269.27378,14255.98475,16537.4835,19207.23482,22013.64486,24675.02446,27968.09817,28569.7197,2898.530881,4756.525781,5246.107524,6124.703451,7433.889293,6650.195573,6068.05135,6351.237495,7404.923685,7121.924704,6994.774861,7320.880262,3216.956347,4317.694365,6576.649461,9847.788607,14778.78636,16610.37701,19384.10571,22375.94189,26824.89511,28816.58499,28604.5919,31656.06806,1546.907807,1886.080591,2348.009158,2741.796252,2110.856309,2852.351568,4161.415959,4448.679912,3431.593647,3645.379572,3844.917194,4519.461171,853.540919,944.4383152,896.9663732,1056.736457,1222.359968,1267.613204,1348.225791,1361.936856,1341.921721,1360.485021,1287.514732,1463.249282,1088.277758,1571.134655,1621.693598,2143.540609,3701.621503,4106.301249,4106.525293,4106.492315,3726.063507,1690.756814,1646.758151,1593.06548,1030.592226,1487.593537,1536.344387,2029.228142,3030.87665,4657.22102,5622.942464,8533.088804999999,12104.27872,15993.52796,19233.98818,23348.13973,108382.3529,113523.1329,95458.11176,80894.88326,109347.867,59265.47714,31354.03573,28118.42998,34932.91959,40300.61996,35110.10566,47306.98978,4834.804067,6089.786934,5714.560611,6006.983042,7486.384341,8659.696835999999,7640.519521,5377.091329,6890.806854,8754.96385,9313.938829999999,10461.05868,298.8462121,335.9971151,411.8006266,498.6390265,496.5815922,745.3695408,797.2631074,773.9932141,977.4862725,1186.147994,1275.184575,1569.331442,575.5729961,620.9699901,634.1951625,713.6036483,803.0054535,640.3224383,572.1995694,506.1138573,636.6229191,609.1739507999999,531.4823679,414.5073415,2387.54806,3448.284395,6757.030816,18772.75169,21011.49721,21951.21176,17364.27538,11770.5898,9640.138500999999,9467.446056000001,9534.677467,12057.49928,1443.011715,1589.20275,1643.38711,1634.047282,1748.562982,1544.228586,1302.878658,1155.441948,1040.67619,986.2958956,894.6370822,1044.770126,369.1650802,416.3698064,427.9010856,495.5147806,584.6219709,663.2236766,632.8039209,635.5173634,563.2000145,692.2758103,665.4231186,759.3499101,1831.132894,1810.066992,2036.884944,2277.742396,2849.09478,3827.921571,4920.355951,5249.802653,7277.912802,10132.90964,10206.97794,12451.6558,452.3369807,490.3821867,496.1743428,545.0098872999999,581.3688761,686.3952693,618.0140641,684.1715576,739.014375,790.2579846,951.4097518,1042.581557,743.1159097,846.1202613,1055.896036,1421.145193,1586.851781,1497.492223,1481.150189,1421.603576,1361.369784,1483.136136,1579.019543,1803.151496,1967.955707,2034.037981,2529.067487,2475.387562,2575.484158,3710.982963,3688.037739,4783.586903,6058.253846,7425.705295,9021.815893999999,10956.99112,3478.125529,4131.546641,4581.609385,5754.733883,6809.40669,7674.929108,9611.147541,8688.156003,9472.384295,9767.29753,10742.44053,11977.57496,786.5668575,912.6626085,1056.353958,1226.04113,1421.741975,1647.511665,2000.603139,2338.008304,1785.402016,1902.2521,2140.739323,3095.772271,2647.585601,3682.259903,4649.593785,5907.850937,7778.414017,9595.929905000001,11222.58762,11732.51017,7003.339037,6465.613349,6557.194282,9253.896111,1688.20357,1642.002314,1566.353493,1711.04477,1930.194975,2370.619976,2702.620356,2755.046991,2948.047252,2982.101858,3258.495584,3820.17523,468.5260381,495.5868333,556.6863539,566.6691539,724.9178037,502.3197334,462.2114149,389.8761846,410.8968239,472.3460771,633.6179466,823.6856205,331,350,388,349,357,371,424,385,347,415,611,944,2423.780443,2621.448058,3173.215595,3793.694753,3746.080948,3876.485958,4191.100511,3693.731337,3804.537999,3899.52426,4072.324751,4811.060429,545.8657229,597.9363558,652.3968593,676.4422254,674.7881296,694.1124397999999,718.3730947,775.6324501,897.7403604,1010.892138,1057.206311,1091.359778,8941.571857999999,11276.19344,12790.84956,15363.25136,18794.74567,21209.0592,21399.46046,23651.32361,26790.94961,30246.13063,33724.75778,36797.93332,10556.57566,12247.39532,13175.678,14463.91893,16046.03728,16233.7177,17632.4104,19007.19129,18363.32494,21050.41377,23189.80135,25185.00911,3112.363948,3457.415947,3634.364406,4643.393534,4688.593267,5486.371089,3470.338156,2955.984375,2170.151724,2253.023004,2474.548819,2749.320965,761.879376,835.5234025,997.7661127,1054.384891,954.2092363,808.8970728,909.7221354,668.3000228,581.182725,580.3052092,601.0745012,619.6768924,1077.281856,1100.592563,1150.927478,1014.514104,1698.388838,1981.951806,1576.97375,1385.029563,1619.848217,1624.941275,1615.286395,2013.977305,10095.42172,11653.97304,13450.40151,16361.87647,18965.05551,23311.34939,26298.63531,31540.9748,33965.66115,41283.16433,44683.97525,49357.19017,1828.230307,2242.746551,2924.638113,4720.942687,10618.03855,11848.34392,12954.79101,18115.22313,18616.70691,19702.05581,19774.83687,22316.19287,684.5971438,747.0835292,803.3427418,942.4082588,1049.938981,1175.921193,1443.429832,1704.686583,1971.829464,2049.350521,2092.712441,2605.94758,2480.380334,2961.800905,3536.540301,4421.009084,5364.249663,5351.912144,7009.601598,7034.779161,6618.74305,7113.692252,7356.031934,9809.185636,1952.308701,2046.154706,2148.027146,2299.376311,2523.337977,3248.373311,4258.503604,3998.875695,4196.411078,4247.400261,3783.674243,4172.838464,3758.523437,4245.256698,4957.037982,5788.09333,5937.827283,6281.290855,6434.501797,6360.943444,4446.380924,5838.347657,5909.020073,7408.905561,1272.880995,1547.944844,1649.552153,1814.12743,1989.37407,2373.204287,2603.273765,2189.634995,2279.324017,2536.534925,2650.921068,3190.481016,4029.329699,4734.253019,5338.752143,6557.152776,8006.506993,9508.141454000001,8451.531004,9082.351172000001,7738.881247,10159.58368,12002.23908,15389.92468,3068.319867,3774.571743,4727.954889,6361.517993,9022.247417,10172.48572,11753.84291,13039.30876,16207.26663,17641.03156,19970.90787,20509.64777,3081.959785,3907.156189,5108.34463,6929.277714,9123.041741999999,9770.524921,10330.98915,12281.34191,14641.58711,16999.4333,18855.60618,19328.70901,2718.885295,2769.451844,3173.72334,4021.175739,5047.658563,4319.804067,5267.219353,5303.377488,6101.255823,6071.941411,6316.1652,7670.122558,3144.613186,3943.370225,4734.997586,6470.866545,8011.414402,9356.39724,9605.314053,9696.273295000001,6598.409903,7346.547557,7885.360081,10808.47561,493.3238752,540.2893983,597.4730727,510.9637142,590.5806638,670.0806011,881.5706467,847.991217,737.0685949,589.9445051,785.6537648,863.0884639,879.5835855,860.7369026,1071.551119,1384.840593,1532.985254,1737.561657,1890.218117,1516.525457,1428.777814,1339.076036,1353.09239,1598.435089,6459.554823,8157.591248,11626.41975,16903.04886,24837.42865,34167.7626,33693.17525,21198.26136,24841.61777,20586.69019,19014.54118,21654.83194,1450.356983,1567.653006,1654.988723,1612.404632,1597.712056,1561.769116,1518.479984,1441.72072,1367.899369,1392.368347,1519.635262,1712.472136,3581.459448,4981.090891,6289.629157,7991.707066,10522.06749,12980.66956,15181.0927,15870.87851,9325.068238,7914.320304,7236.075251,9786.534713999999,879.7877358,1004.484437,1116.639877,1206.043465,1353.759762,1348.285159,1465.010784,1294.447788,1068.696278,574.6481576,699.4897130000001,862.5407561,2315.138227,2843.104409,3674.735572,4977.41854,8597.756202,11210.08948,15169.16112,18861.53081,24769.8912,33519.4766,36023.1054,47143.17964,5074.659104,6093.26298,7481.107598,8412.902397,9674.167626,10922.66404,11348.54585,12037.26758,9498.467723,12126.23065,13638.77837,18678.31435,4215.041741,5862.276629,7402.303395,9405.489396999999,12383.4862,15277.03017,17866.72175,18678.53492,14214.71681,17161.10735,20660.01936,25768.25759,1135.749842,1258.147413,1369.488336,1284.73318,1254.576127,1450.992513,1176.807031,1093.244963,926.9602963999999,930.5964284,882.0818217999999,926.1410683,4725.295531,5487.104219,5768.729717,7114.477971,7765.962636,8028.651439,8568.266228,7825.823398,7225.069258,7479.188244,7710.946444,9269.657808,3834.034742,4564.80241,5693.843879,7993.512294,10638.75131,13236.92117,13926.16997,15764.98313,18603.06452,20445.29896,24835.47166,28821.0637,1083.53203,1072.546602,1074.47196,1135.514326,1213.39553,1348.775651,1648.079789,1876.766827,2153.739222,2664.477257,3015.378833,3970.095407,1615.991129,1770.337074,1959.593767,1687.997641,1659.652775,2202.988423,1895.544073,1507.819159,1492.197043,1632.210764,1993.398314,2602.394995,1148.376626,1244.708364,1856.182125,2613.101665,3364.836625,3781.410618,3895.384018,3984.839812,3553.0224,3876.76846,4128.116943,4513.480643,8527.844662,9911.878226000001,12329.44192,15258.29697,17832.02464,18855.72521,20667.38125,23586.92927,23880.01683,25266.59499,29341.63093,33859.74835,14734.23275,17909.48973,20431.0927,22966.14432,27195.11304,26982.29052,28397.71512,30281.70459,31871.5303,32135.32301,34480.95771,37506.41907,1643.485354,2117.234893,2193.037133,1881.923632,2571.423014,3195.484582,3761.837715,3116.774285,3340.542768,4014.238972,4090.925331,4184.548089,1206.947913,1507.86129,1822.879028,2643.858681,4062.523897,5596.519826,7426.354774,11054.56175,15215.6579,20206.82098,23235.42329,28718.27684,716.6500721,698.5356073,722.0038072999999,848.2186574999999,915.9850592,962.4922931999999,874.2426069000001,831.8220794,825.682454,789.1862231,899.0742111,1107.482182,757.7974177,793.5774148,1002.199172,1295.46066,1524.358936,1961.224635,2393.219781,2982.653773,4616.896545,5852.625497,5913.187529,7458.396327,859.8086567,925.9083202,1067.53481,1477.59676,1649.660188,1532.776998,1344.577953,1202.201361,1034.298904,982.2869243,886.2205765,882.9699438,3023.271928,4100.3934,4997.523971,5621.368472,6619.551419,7899.554209,9119.528607,7388.597823,7370.990932,8792.573125999999,11460.60023,18008.50924,1468.475631,1395.232468,1660.30321,1932.360167,2753.285994,3120.876811,3560.233174,3810.419296,4332.720164,4876.798614,5722.895655,7092.923025,1969.10098,2218.754257,2322.869908,2826.356387,3450.69638,4269.122326,4241.356344,5089.043686,5678.348271,6601.429915,6508.085718,8458.276384000001,734.753484,774.3710692,767.2717398,908.9185217,950.735869,843.7331372,682.2662268,617.7244065,644.1707969,816.559081,927.7210018,1056.380121,9979.508486999999,11283.17795,12477.17707,14142.85089,15895.11641,17428.74846,18232.42452,21664.78767,22705.09254,26074.53136,29478.99919,33203.26128,13990.48208,14847.12712,16173.14586,19530.36557,21806.03594,24072.63213,25009.55914,29884.35041,32003.93224,35767.43303,39097.09955,42951.65309,5716.766744,6150.772969,5603.357717,5444.61962,5703.408898,6504.339663,6920.223051,7452.398969,8137.004775,9230.240707999999,7727.002004,10611.46299,7689.799761,9802.466526,8422.974165,9541.474188,10505.25966,13143.95095,11152.41011,9883.584648,10733.92631,10165.49518,8605.047831,11415.80569,605.0664917,676.2854478,772.0491602,637.1232887,699.5016441,713.5371196,707.2357863,820.7994449,989.0231487,1385.896769,1764.456677,2441.576404,1515.592329,1827.067742,2198.956312,2649.715007,3133.409277,3682.831494,4336.032082,5107.197384,6017.654756,7110.667619,4515.487575,3025.349798,781.7175761,804.8304547,825.6232006,862.4421463,1265.047031,1829.765177,1977.55701,1971.741538,1879.496673,2117.484526,2234.820827,2280.769906,1147.388831,1311.956766,1452.725766,1777.077318,1773.498265,1588.688299,1408.678565,1213.315116,1210.884633,1071.353818,1071.613938,1271.211593,406.8841148,518.7642681,527.2721818,569.7950712000001,799.3621758,685.5876821000001,788.8550411,706.1573059,693.4207856,792.4499603,672.0386227,469.7092981]],"container":"<table class=\"display\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th> <\/th>\n <th>country<\/th>\n <th>continent<\/th>\n <th>year<\/th>\n <th>lifeExp<\/th>\n <th>pop<\/th>\n <th>gdpPercap<\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n<\/table>","options":{"pageLength":8,"scrollY":200,"scrollX":"100%","scrollCollase":true,"columnDefs":[{"className":"dt-right","targets":[3,4,5,6]},{"orderable":false,"targets":0}],"order":[],"autoWidth":false,"orderClasses":false,"lengthMenu":[8,10,25,50,100]}},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script> --- ### Declaring the Data Frame and Aesthetics Globally Let's declare the `gapminder` data frame and the `x` and `y` aesthetics **globally**. To do so, we pass the `gapminder` data frame and the `aes()` function into the `ggplot()` function: .pull-left[ ```r ggplot(data = gapminder, mapping = aes(x = gdpPercap, y = lifeExp)) + geom_point() ``` ] .pull-right[  ] --- ### Declaring the Data Frame Globally and Aesthetics Locally We may also declare the data and aesthetic layers **locally**. For example, the `x` and `y` aesthetics are declared locally here. .pull-left[ ```r ggplot(data = gapminder) + geom_point(mapping = aes(x = gdpPercap, y = lifeExp)) ``` ] .pull-right[  ] --- ### Saving the Global Data Frame and Global Aesthetic The earlier portions of the `ggplot` codes can be saved and recycled later. For example, let's declare the data frame and `x` and `y` aesthetics globally and save this part as an object called `p`. ```r # Save the data frame and aesthetics globally as p p <- ggplot(data = gapminder, mapping = aes(x = gdpPercap, y = lifeExp)) ``` .pull-left[ After saving `p`, we add `geom_point()` to construct the scatter plot. ```r p + geom_point() # a shorter code ``` ] .pull-right[  ] --- ### Overlaying a Nonlinear Trend Line (LOESS) We may overlay a nonlinear trend line, based on LOESS, by **adding** `geom_smooth()`. Note that by "adding", the new feature is visualized as the top layer in the figure. .pull-left[ ```r p + geom_point() + geom_smooth() # We have saved p in the previous slide ``` ] .pull-right[  ] --- ### Linear Trend Line To change the nonlinear trend line into a linear trend, we use the option `method = "lm"` in `geom_smooth()`. .pull-left[ ```r p + geom_point() + geom_smooth(method = "lm") ``` ] .pull-right[  ] --- ### Suppressing the Confidence Bands To simplify the plot appearance, we may remove the confidence bands around the linear trend line by using the option `se = FALSE` in `geom_smooth()` ("se" stands for standard errors). .pull-left[ ```r p + geom_point() + geom_smooth(method = "lm", se = FALSE) ``` ] .pull-right[  ] --- ### Adjusting the Axis Scale Since the values of the x-variable are very large and difficult to view, we transform the x-axis scale into a log scale by adding `scale_x_log10()` to the syntax. .pull-left[ ```r p + geom_point() + geom_smooth(method = "lm", se = FALSE) + scale_x_log10() ``` ] .pull-right[  ] --- ### Changing the Units on an Axis As the x-axis represents GDP per capita, we declare "dollar" as the unit of measurement for the axis by using the option `labels = scales::dollar` in `scale_x_log10()`. .pull-left[ ```r p + geom_point() + geom_smooth(method = "lm", se = FALSE) + scale_x_log10(labels = scales::dollar) ``` ] .pull-right[  ] --- ### Visualising a Third Variable using a Color Aesthetic By declaring the variable `continent` as a color aesthetic (i.e. `aes(color = continent)`) in `geom_point()`, we may use colors to differentiate the scatter points based on which continents they are from. A color aesthetic maps values in the variable `continent` as colors on the scatter points. .pull-left[ ```r p + geom_point(mapping = aes(color = continent)) + geom_smooth(method = "lm", se = FALSE) + scale_x_log10(labels = scales::dollar) ``` ] .pull-right[  ] --- ### Adding Titles and Labels We add the plot title, subtitle, axis titles, etc. by using the `labs()` function: .pull-left[ ```r p + geom_point(mapping = aes(color = continent)) + geom_smooth(method = "lm", se = FALSE) + scale_x_log10(labels = scales::dollar) + labs(x = "GDP Per Capita", y = "Life Expectancy", title = "Economic Growth and Life Expectancy", subtitle = "Data points are country-years", color = "Continent", caption = "Source: Gapminder") ``` ] .pull-right[  ] --- ### Declaring the Theme The theme is the overall plot appearance, which can be controlled using the `theme()` function. There are pre-determined theme settings we may use. Here, we use `theme_minimal()` for a simple theme (other themes include is `theme_bw()`, which generates a white background). .pull-left[ ```r p + geom_point(mapping = aes(color = continent)) + geom_smooth(method = "lm", se = FALSE) + scale_x_log10(labels = scales::dollar) + labs(x = "GDP Per Capita", y = "Life Expectancy", title = "Economic Growth and Life Expectancy", subtitle = "Data points are country-years", color = "Continent", caption = "Source: Gapminder") + theme_minimal() ``` ] .pull-right[  ] --- ### Adjusting the Title and Axis Font Size Using the `theme()` function, we may control the appearance of our figure such as the font size of the title, axis titles, etc. .pull-left[ ```r p + geom_point(mapping = aes(color = continent)) + geom_smooth(method = "lm", se = FALSE) + scale_x_log10(labels = scales::dollar) + labs(x = "GDP Per Capita", y = "Life Expectancy", title = "Economic Growth and Life Expectancy", subtitle = "Data points are country-years", color = "Continent", caption = "Source: Gapminder") + theme_minimal() + theme(title = element_text(size=16), axis.text.x = element_text(size = 12), # x-axis grid text axis.text.y = element_text(size = 12), # y-axis grid text axis.title = element_text(size = 14)) # axis title text ``` ] .pull-right[  ] --- ### Setting the Plot Features Rather than using a color aesthetic (a mapping of a variable to the color element on the plot), we may set the color in a more deliberate manner. For example, let's differentiate Asia's data from the rest of the world by setting the color of Asia's scatter points as red. .pull-left[ ```r p + geom_point(color = "grey") + geom_point(data = subset(gapminder, continent == "Asia"), color = "red", size= 2) + geom_smooth(method = "lm", se = FALSE) + scale_x_log10(labels = scales::dollar) + labs(x = "GDP Per Capita", y = "Life Expectancy", title = "Economic Growth and Life Expectancy of Asia", subtitle = "Data points are country-years \nAsia is highlighted in red ", caption = "Source: Gapminder") + theme_minimal() + theme(title = element_text(size=16), axis.text.x = element_text(size = 12), # x-axis grid text axis.text.y = element_text(size = 12), # y-axis grid text axis.title = element_text(size = 14)) # axis title text ``` ] .pull-right[  ] --- ### Adding Animation `ggplot2` has many interesting extensions, such as plot animation, which reveals changes in a variable over time. Below, we animate the figure using the `gganimate` package. See https://gganimate.com/ and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SnCi0s0e4Io To do so, install the following packages: ```r library(pkgbuild) library(gifski) library(gganimate) library(png) ``` --- ### Adding Animation **Note**: If you are using a "group" aesthetic (see Seminar 4), replace `transition_time(year)` below with `transition_reveal(year)`. .panelset[ .panel[.panel-name[R Code] ```r p.anim <- p + geom_point(mapping = aes(color = continent)) + # Remove geom_smooth scale_x_log10(labels = scales::dollar) + labs( x = "GDP Per Capita", y = "Life Expectancy", subtitle = "Data points are country-years", color = "Continent", caption = "Source: Gapminder") + theme_minimal() + theme(title = element_text(size=16), axis.text.x = element_text(size = 12), # x-axis grid text axis.text.y = element_text(size = 12), # y-axis grid text axis.title = element_text(size = 14)) + # axis title text transition_time(year) + labs(title = "GDP Per Capita and Life Expectancy, Year: {frame_time}") # put the title here # Rendering animate(p.anim, renderer = gifski_renderer()) # Saving anim_save("example.gif", animation = p.anim) p.anim ``` ``` ] .panel[.panel-name[Plot] <img src="GettingStartedwithDataVisualisation_files/figure-html/anim.1-out-1.gif" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> ] ] --- ### Exercise (Try it Yourself) Using the `airquality` data (type in `datasets::airquality` into your console), construct a scatter plot with `Ozone` on the y-axis and `Temp` on the x-axis. Display the LOESS trendline on the plot. Use `theme_minimal` for the plot appearance and include the title "Ozone and Temperature at JFK Airport, 1973". You should replicate the figure below (see the RMarkdown file for the solution). <img src="GettingStartedwithDataVisualisation_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-7-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- ### Hands-On Activity Activity 1 to 4 in `Seminar3_demo_part1.r`